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. 2023 Jan 7:1-18.
doi: 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3. Online ahead of print.

Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China

Longchao Liang  1   2 , Yaru Zhu  3 , Xiaohang Xu  4   2 , Wanbin Hao  1 , Jialiang Han  2 , Zhuo Chen  1 , Xian Dong  1 , Guangle Qiu  2
Affiliations

Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China

Longchao Liang et al. Expo Health. .

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) pose risks to environmental and human health. Identification of priority control contaminants is important in guiding the management and control of these synchronous pollutants. A total of 247 soil samples were collected from 64 urban parks in the karst plateau city of Guiyang in SW China to determine the concentrations, spatial distributions, and health risks of PAHs and HMs. The results indicate that dibenz(ah)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene are the main PAHs species of high ecological risk, and Cr, Mn, and Ni pose elevated ecological risk among the HMs. Four sources were identified for PAHs (biomass burning, coke oven, traffic sources, and coal burning) and HMs (traffic sources, coal burning, industrial sources, and natural sources). The non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs were all determined to be negligible and at acceptable levels, several orders of magnitude below those of HMs. The NCR and TCR values of HMs were relatively high, especially for children (11.9% of NCR > 1; 79.1% of TCR > 10-4). Coal burning and natural sources make the greatest contributions to the NCR and TCR values from karst park soils in Guiyang. Considering HMs bioavailability, NCR and TCR values were rather low, due to the high residual HM fractions. Integrated insights into source specific ecological and human health risk indicate future directions for management and control of synchronous PAH and HM pollution, particularly for karst plateau areas.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3.

Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; Positive matrix factorization; Priority factors; Sequential extraction; Soil pollution.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Sampling sites in urban parks in the karst plateau city, Guiyang
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Source apportionment of PAHs and HMs. a, d PMF factor profiles of PAHs and HMs; b, e percentage contributions of each PMF factor. c, f Pearson correlations among PAHs and HMs, and between PAHs, HMs, and PMF factors
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Spatial distribution of PAH TEQs and total potential risk index (RI), and corresponding spatial distribution of associated source contributions. a total TEQ distribution of PAH, and b–e spatial contribution of different factors; f total RI distribution, and g–j spatial distribution of different factors
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Non-carcinogenic risk and total carcinogenic risk of PAHs and HMs
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Sources contribution rates corresponding to non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of PAHs and HMs
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Relationships among PAHs, HMs, joint pollution sources, and joint human health risk. Width of the curve indicates contribution rate
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Chemical speciation of HMs in urban park soils (a); non-carcinogenic risk with and without HM bioavailability (b); carcinogenic risk with and without HM bioavailability (c)
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