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Meta-Analysis
. 2023 Jan 16;1(1):CD015016.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015016.pub2.

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates

Mari Kinoshita  1   2 , Israel Junior Borges do Nascimento  3   4 , Lea Styrmisdóttir  5 , Matteo Bruschettini  6   7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates

Mari Kinoshita et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

  • Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates.
    Kinoshita M, Borges do Nascimento IJ, Styrmisdóttir L, Bruschettini M. Kinoshita M, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 5;4(4):CD015016. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015016.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. PMID: 37018131 Free PMC article. Review.

Abstract

Background: Postoperative pain clinical management in neonates has always been a challenging medical issue. Worldwide, several systemic opioid regimens are available for pediatricians, neonatologists, and general practitioners to control pain in neonates undergoing surgical procedures. However, the most effective and safe regimen is still unknown in the current body of literature.

Objectives: To determine the effects of different regimens of systemic opioid analgesics in neonates submitted to surgery on all-cause mortality, pain, and significant neurodevelopmental disability. Potentially assessed regimens might include: different doses of the same opioid, different routes of administration of the same opioid, continuous infusion versus bolus administration, or 'as needed' administration versus 'as scheduled' administration.

Search methods: Searches were conducted in June 2022 using the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], PubMed, and CINAHL. Trial registration records were identified via CENTRAL and an independent search of the ISRCTN registry.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomized, cluster-randomized, and cross-over controlled trials evaluating systemic opioid regimens' effects on postoperative pain in neonates (pre-term or full-term). We considered suitable for inclusion: I) studies evaluating different doses of the same opioid; 2) studies evaluating different routes of administration of the same opioid; 3) studies evaluating the effectiveness of continuous infusion versus bolus infusion; and 4) studies establishing an assessment of an 'as needed' administration versus 'as scheduled' administration.

Data collection and analysis: According to Cochrane methods, two investigators independently screened retrieved records, extracted data, and appraised the risk of bias. We stratified meta-analysis by the type of intervention: studies evaluating the use of opioids for postoperative pain in neonates through continuous infusion versus bolus infusion and studies assessing the 'as needed' administration versus 'as scheduled' administration. We used the fixed-effect model with risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD), standardized mean difference (SMD), median, and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous data. Finally, we used the GRADEpro approach for primary outcomes to evaluate the quality of the evidence across included studies.

Main results: In this review, we included seven randomized controlled clinical trials (504 infants) from 1996 to 2020. We identified no studies comparing different doses of the same opioid, or different routes. The administration of continuous opioid infusion versus bolus administration of opioids was evaluated in six studies, while one study compared 'as needed' versus 'as scheduled' administration of morphine given by parents or nurses. Overall, the effectiveness of continuous infusion of opioids over bolus infusion as measured by the visual analog scale (MD 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.23 to 0.23; 133 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0); or using the COMFORT scale (MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.89 to 0.75; 133 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0), remains unclear due to study designs' limitations, such as the unclear risk of attrition, reporting bias, and imprecision among reported results (very low certainty of the evidence). None of the included studies reported data on other clinically important outcomes such as all-cause mortality rate during hospitalization, major neurodevelopmental disability, the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity or intraventricular hemorrhage, and cognitive- and educational-related outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence is available on continuous infusion compared to intermittent boluses of systemic opioids. We are uncertain whether continuous opioid infusion reduces pain compared with intermittent opioid boluses; none of the studies reported the other primary outcomes of this review, i.e. all-cause mortality during initial hospitalization, significant neurodevelopmental disability, or cognitive and educational outcomes among children older than five years old. Only one small study reported on morphine infusion with parent- or nurse-controlled analgesia.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

MK has no interests to declare.

LS has no interests to declare.

IJBN has no interests to declare.

MB is an Associate Editor for the Cochrane Neonatal Group. However, his participation in the editorial group has not impacted this review.

Figures

1
1
Screen4Me Summary Diagram
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2
Prisma flow chart
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3
Risk of bias summary
4
4
Risk of bias graph
5
5
Forest plot for number of infants with mechanical ventilation longer than 24 hours
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Continuous infusion versus bolus administration, Outcome 1: Pain assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) during the administration of selected drugs (neonates from 0 to 4 weeks)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Continuous infusion versus bolus administration, Outcome 2: Pain assessed with COMFORT scale during the administration of selected drugs (neonates from 0 to 4 weeks)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Continuous infusion versus bolus administration, Outcome 3: Hypotension requiring medical therapy
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Continuous infusion versus bolus administration, Outcome 4: Mechanical ventilation longer than 24 hours
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

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