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. 2022 Oct;6(1):e001640.
doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001640.

Prevalence of pneumonia and malnutrition among children in Jigawa state, Nigeria: a community-based clinical screening study

Carina King #  1 , Morgan Siddle #  2 , Osebi Adams  3 , Samy Ahmar  4 , Tahlil Ahmed  4 , Ayobami Adebayo Bakare  1   5 , Damola Bakare  6 , Rochelle Ann Burgess  2 , Tim Colbourn  2 , Eric D McCollum  7 , Temitayo Olowookere  8 , Julius Salako  6 , Obioma Uchendu  5   9 , Hamish R Graham #  10   11 , Adegoke Gbadegesin Falade #  6   12 ; INSPIRING Consortium
Collaborators, Affiliations

Prevalence of pneumonia and malnutrition among children in Jigawa state, Nigeria: a community-based clinical screening study

Carina King et al. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2022 Oct.

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the point prevalence of pneumonia and malnutrition and explore associations with household socioeconomic factors.

Design: Community-based cross-sectional study conducted in January-June 2021 among a random sample of households across all villages in the study area.

Setting: Kiyawa Local Government Area, Jigawa state, Nigeria.

Participants: Children aged 0-59 months who were permanent residents in Kiyawa and present at home at the time of the survey.

Main outcome measures: Pneumonia (non-severe and severe) defined using WHO criteria (2014 revision) in children aged 0-59 months. Malnutrition (moderate and severe) defined using mid-upper arm circumference in children aged 6-59 months.

Results: 9171 children were assessed, with a mean age of 24.8 months (SD=15.8); 48.7% were girls. Overall pneumonia (severe or non-severe) point prevalence was 1.3% (n=121/9171); 0.6% (n=55/9171) had severe pneumonia. Using an alternate definition that did not rely on caregiver-reported cough/difficult breathing revealed higher pneumonia prevalence (n=258, 2.8%, 0.6% severe, 2.2% non-severe). Access to any toilet facility was associated with lower odds of pneumonia (aOR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.01). The prevalence of malnutrition (moderate or severe) was 15.6% (n=1239/7954) with 4.1% (n=329/7954) were severely malnourished. Being older (aOR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.27), male (aOR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.91) and having head of compound a business owner or professional (vs subsistence farmer, aOR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.90) were associated with lower odds of malnutrition.

Conclusions: In this large, representative community-based survey, there was a considerable pneumonia and malnutrition morbidity burden. We noted challenges in the diagnosis of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness-defined pneumonia in this context.

Keywords: Epidemiology.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Participant inclusion diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Abnormal lung sounds and pneumonia classification. Note: Given stridor is included in the WHO definition for severe pneumonia, it was not included.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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