High flow nasal oxygen and awake prone positioning - Two allies against COVID-19: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus disease-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) with possible multisystemic involvement. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch and shunt increase are critical determinants of hypoxemia. Understanding hypoxemia and the mechanisms involved in its genesis is essential to determine the optimal therapeutic strategy. High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) and awake prone positioning (APP) in patients with COVID-19 AHRF showed promising benefits. The aim of this systematic review was to depict current situation around the combined use of HFNO and APP in patients with COVID-19 AHRF. Particularly, to investigate and report the pathophysiological rationale for adopting this strategy and to evaluate the (1) criteria for initiation, (2) timing, monitoring and discontinuation, and to assess the (3) impact of HFNO/ APP on outcome.

Methods: We performed a systematic search collecting the articles present in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases with the following keywords: COVID-19 pneumonia, high flow nasal oxygen, awake prone position ventilation.

Results: Thirteen studies displayed inclusion criteria and were included, accounting for 1242 patients who received HFNO/ APP. The combination of HFNO/ APP has an encouraging pathophysiological rationale for implementing this technique. The recognition of patients who can benefit from HFNO/ APP is difficult and there are no validated protocols to start, monitoring, and discontinue HFNO/ APP therapy. The most used method to monitor the efficacy and failure of this combined technique are oxygenation indexes, but discontinuation techniques are inconsistently and poorly described limiting possible generatability. Finally, this technique provided no clear benefits on outcome.

Conclusions: Our systematic search provided positive feedbacks for improving the utilization of this combination technique, although we still need further investigation about methods to guide timing, management, and discontinuation, and to assess the intervention effect on outcome.

Keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, awake prone position; Covid-19 pneumonia; High flow nasal canula; Oxygen therapy.

Fig. 1

PRISMA flowchart.

Fig. 2

COVID-19 phenotypes at CT scan and LUS. A) CT Scan showed pattern type H, aerated lungs with subpleural effusions irregularly distributed. B) Lung Ultrasound (LUS) showed irregular and broken pleural lines with multiple B-lines. C) CT scan showed type L pattern, diffuse bilateral confluent patchy ground glass with bilateral consolidation; D) LUS showed large zone of consolidation with air bronchograms.