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. 2023 Jan 17;13(1):883.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27618-z.

Protective effects of chitosan based salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) in grape (Vitis vinifera cv. 'Sultana') under salinity stress

Mohammad Ali Aazami  1 , Maryam Maleki  2 , Farzad Rasouli  2 , Gholamreza Gohari  2
Affiliations

Protective effects of chitosan based salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) in grape (Vitis vinifera cv. 'Sultana') under salinity stress

Mohammad Ali Aazami et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduce plant growth and performance by changing physiological and biochemical processes. In addition to improving the crop, using nanomaterials in agriculture can reduce the harmful effects of environmental stresses, particularly salinity. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with two factors including salt stress at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) and chitosan-salicylic acid nanocomposite at three levels (0, 0.1, and 0.5 mM). The results showed reductions in chlorophylls (a, b, and total), carotenoids, and nutrient elements (excluding sodium) while proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, total soluble protein, soluble carbohydrate, total antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes activity increased with treatment chitosan-salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) under different level NaCl. Salinity stress reduced Fm', Fm, and Fv/Fm by damage to photosynthetic systems, but treatment with CS-SA NCs improved these indices during salinity stress. In stress-free conditions, applying the CS-SA NCs improved the grapes' physiological, biochemical, and nutrient elemental balance traits. CS-SA NCs at 0.5 mM had a better effect on the studied traits of grapes under salinity stress. The CS-SA nanoparticle is a biostimulant that can be effectively used to improve the grape plant yield under salinity stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of CS-SA NCs on Chlorophyll a (A), b (B), total chlorophyll (C) and carotenoid (D) of grapevine cv. ‘Sultana’ under salinity stress. Means followed by the same letter on columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level, according to Duncan's multiple range test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 replicates).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of CS-SA NCs on Proline (A), MDA (B), Total soluble protein (C, D), EL (E) and Soluble carbohydrate (F) of grapevine cv. ‘Sultana’. Means followed by the same letter on columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level, according to Duncan's multiple range test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 replicates).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of CS-SA NCs on H2O2 (A), GPX (B), SOD (C), APX (D), CAT (E) and total antioxidant (F) of grapevine cv. ‘Sultana’. Means followed by the same letter on columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level, according to Duncan's multiple range test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 replicates).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of CS-SA NCs on Na of grapevine cv. ‘Sultana’. Means followed by the same letter on columns are not significantly different at 0.05 level, according to Duncan's multiple range test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3 replicates).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Heat map of Pearson’s correlation analysis for the response of Vitis Vinifera cv. ‘Sultana’ under salinity stress with application CS-SA NCs. Heat map representing of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chlorophyll b (Chl b), Total chlorophyll (Total Chl), Carotenoids (CARs), Electrolyte leakage (EL), Malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 content, Proline content, Carbohydrate (Carb), Total soluble protein content, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity, catalase (CAT), total antioxidant (DPPH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), Na/K, (PAR), (Fm'), electron transport rate (ETR), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Heat map (a), loading biplot of the evaluated traits (b) and Principal component analysis heat map (C) of the enzymatic antioxidants pool, the biochemical changes, chlorophyll fluorescence and nutrient elements content in Vitis Vinifera cv. ‘Sultana’ under salinity stress with application CS-SA NCs. Heat map representing of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chlorophyll b (Chl b), Total chlorophyll (Total Chl), Carotenoids (CARs), Electrolyte leakage (EL), Malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 content, Proline content, Carbohydrate (Carb), Total soluble protein content, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity, catalase (CAT), total antioxidant (DPPH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), Na/K, (PAR), (Fm'), electron transport rate (ETR), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm).
Figure 7
Figure 7
TEM image of sonochemical synthesis of CS-SA nanocomposite (A), and DLS analysis of CS-SA nanoparticles (B).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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