Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

Natalie Napolitano^#¹, Lee Polikoff^#², Lauren Edwards³, Keiko M Tarquinio⁴, Sholeen Nett⁵, Conrad Krawiec⁶, Aileen Kirby⁷, Nina Salfity⁸, David Tellez⁸, Gordon Krahn⁹, Ryan Breuer¹⁰, Simon J Parsons¹¹, Christopher Page-Goertz¹², Justine Shults¹³, Vinay Nadkarni¹³, Akira Nishisaki¹³; for National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) Investigators and Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network

Affiliations

¹ Respiratory Therapy Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. napolitanon@chop.edu.
² Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
³ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
⁴ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
⁶ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.
⁷ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁸ Department of Critical Care, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
⁹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA.
¹¹ Division of Critical Care, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
¹² Division of Critical Care Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.
¹³ Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36650568
PMCID: PMC9847056
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04304-0

Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

Natalie Napolitano et al. Crit Care. 2023.

. 2023 Jan 17;27(1):26.

doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04304-0.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Respiratory Therapy Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. napolitanon@chop.edu.
² Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
³ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
⁴ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
⁶ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.
⁷ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁸ Department of Critical Care, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
⁹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA.
¹¹ Division of Critical Care, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
¹² Division of Critical Care Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.
¹³ Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36650568
PMCID: PMC9847056
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04304-0

Abstract

Background: Determine if apneic oxygenation (AO) delivered via nasal cannula during the apneic phase of tracheal intubation (TI), reduces adverse TI-associated events (TIAEs) in children.

Methods: AO was implemented across 14 pediatric intensive care units as a quality improvement intervention during 2016-2020. Implementation consisted of an intubation safety checklist, leadership endorsement, local champion, and data feedback to frontline clinicians. Standardized oxygen flow via nasal cannula for AO was as follows: 5 L/min for infants (< 1 year), 10 L/min for young children (1-7 years), and 15 L/min for older children (≥ 8 years). Outcomes were the occurrence of adverse TIAEs (primary) and hypoxemia (SpO₂ < 80%, secondary).

Results: Of 6549 TIs during the study period, 2554 (39.0%) occurred during the pre-implementation phase and 3995 (61.0%) during post-implementation phase. AO utilization increased from 23 to 68%, p < 0.001. AO was utilized less often when intubating infants, those with a primary cardiac diagnosis or difficult airway features, and patient intubated due to respiratory or neurological failure or shock. Conversely, AO was used more often in TIs done for procedures and those assisted by video laryngoscopy. AO utilization was associated with a lower incidence of adverse TIAEs (AO 10.5% vs. without AO 13.5%, p < 0.001), aOR 0.75 (95% CI 0.58-0.98, p = 0.03) after adjusting for site clustering (primary analysis). However, after further adjusting for patient and provider characteristics (secondary analysis), AO utilization was not independently associated with the occurrence of adverse TIAEs: aOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.72-1.12, p = 0.33 and the occurrence of hypoxemia was not different: AO 14.2% versus without AO 15.2%, p = 0.43.

Conclusion: While AO use was associated with a lower occurrence of adverse TIAEs in children who required TI in the pediatric ICU after accounting for site-level clustering, this result may be explained by differences in patient, provider, and practice factors. Trial Registration Trial not registered.

Keywords: Airway; Apneic oxygenation; Hypoxemia; Pediatrics; Tracheal intubation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Mrs. Napolitano, Dr. Shults, Dr. Nadkarni, and Dr. Nishisaki received funding from AHRQ R18HS024511 for this work. Mrs. Napolitano had research and consulting relationships with Drager, Timpel, Philips/Respironics, Actuated Medical, and VERO-Biotech. Dr. Polikoff has a consulting relationship with Novavax. No other authors have conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Apneic Oxygenation Use over time (n = 6549)

**Fig. 2**
Forrest plot for subgroup analysis test for homogeneity

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

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Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

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