Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 15;14(12):e32557.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.32557. eCollection 2022 Dec.

The Global Human Monkeypox Outbreak and Management: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Ibrahim M Dighriri  1 , Shafiqah H Braiji  2 , Malek M AlAnazi  3 , Mona J Ayyashi  4 , Aisha A Khubrani  5 , Yasir B Khormi  6 , Lujain A Shbeir  7 , Sarah I Alatif  8 , Aisha E Alfagih  9
Affiliations
Review

The Global Human Monkeypox Outbreak and Management: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Ibrahim M Dighriri et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Monkeypox (MPX) belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV), family Poxviridae, and sub-family Chordopoxvirinae. Human monkeypox (HMPX) is a viral zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Several non-endemic countries have confirmed MPX cases across the globe. Therefore, consider an outbreak to be a global health emergency. MPXV transmits from animals to humans via infected animals, and there is currently human-to-human transmission, notably among guys who have sexual relations with males. Healthcare interventions are required to stop outbreaks. These include strict isolation and care for MPX patients while they are still contagious or until the skin lesions dry out and crust over. JYNNEOS was approved as a vaccine for the prevention of MPXV. Tecovirimat is licensed to treat severe MPX or risk developing a serious disease. We should encourage international cooperation to conduct clinical trials investigating the effectiveness and safety of MPXV vaccines and antiviral medications. Precautions must be taken at the global level to prevent an MPXV outbreak.

Keywords: epidemiology; monkeypox prevention; monkeypox treatment; monkeypox virus; outbreak.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

    1. Laboratory investigations of African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) as a potential reservoir host species for monkeypox virus. Hutson CL, Nakazawa YJ, Self J, et al. https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004013 PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:0. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison. Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Babkin IV, et al. https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/S0014-5793%2801%29.... FEBS Lett. 2001;509:66–70. - PMC - PubMed
    1. A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012. Parker S, Buller RM. https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/fvl.12.130. Future Virol. 2013;8:129–157. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Monkeypox virus. Cho CT, Wenner HA. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973. Bacteriol Rev. 1973;37:1–18. - PMC - PubMed
    1. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480792/pdf/bullwho00192-00.... Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46:593–597. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources