. 2023 Feb 1;24(2):143-168.

doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147. Epub 2023 Jan 20.

Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2)

Guillaume Emeriaud¹, Yolanda M López-Fernández², Narayan Prabhu Iyer³, Melania M Bembea⁴, Asya Agulnik⁵, Ryan P Barbaro⁶, Florent Baudin⁷, Anoopindar Bhalla⁸, Werther Brunow de Carvalho⁹, Christopher L Carroll¹⁰, Ira M Cheifetz¹¹, Mohammod J Chisti¹², Pablo Cruces^{13

14}, Martha A Q Curley^{15

16}, Mary K Dahmer⁶, Heidi J Dalton¹⁷, Simon J Erickson¹⁸, Sandrine Essouri¹, Analía Fernández¹⁹, Heidi R Flori⁶, Jocelyn R Grunwell²⁰, Philippe Jouvet¹, Elizabeth Y Killien²¹, Martin C J Kneyber²², Sapna R Kudchadkar^{4

23}, Steven Kwasi Korang^{8

24}, Jan Hau Lee²⁵, Duncan J Macrae²⁶, Aline Maddux²⁷, Vicent Modesto I Alapont²⁸, Brenda M Morrow²⁹, Vinay M Nadkarni³⁰, Natalie Napolitano³¹, Christopher J L Newth⁸, Martí Pons-Odena³², Michael W Quasney⁶, Prakadeshwari Rajapreyar³³, Jerome Rambaud³⁴, Adrienne G Randolph³⁵, Peter Rimensberger³⁶, Courtney M Rowan³⁷, L Nelson Sanchez-Pinto³⁸, Anil Sapru³⁹, Michael Sauthier¹, Steve L Shein¹¹, Lincoln S Smith⁴⁰, Katerine Steffen⁴¹, Muneyuki Takeuchi⁴², Neal J Thomas⁴³, Sze Man Tse¹, Stacey Valentine⁴⁴, Shan Ward⁴⁵, R Scott Watson^{21

46}, Nadir Yehya³⁰, Jerry J Zimmerman^{40

47}, Robinder G Khemani⁸; Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2) Group on behalf of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2) Group on behalf of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network:
Guillaume Emeriaud, Yolanda M López-Fernández, Robinder G Khemani, Narayan Prabhu Iyer, Melania Bembea, Steven Kwasi Korang, Katherine M Steffen, Nadir Yehya, Lincoln Smith, Neal J Thomas, Jerry J Zimmerman, Simon J Erickson, Steven L Shein, Jocelyn R Grunwell, Mary K Dahmer, Anil Sapru, Michael W Quasney, Heidi R Flori, Analia Fernandez, Vicent Modesto I Alapont, Peter Rimensberger, Ira Cheifetz, Courtney Rowan, Adrienne G Randolph, Martin Kneyber, Stacey Valentine, Sapna Kudchadkar, Shan Ward, Vinay Nadkarni, Martha A Q Curley, Anoopindar Bhalla, Florent Baudin, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Pablo Cruces, Christopher L Carroll, Natalie Napolitano, Marti Pons-Odena, Sandrine Essouri, Jérome Rambaud, Ryan Barbaro, Duncan Macrae, Heidi Dalton, Elizabeth Killien, Aline Maddux, Sze Man Tse, Scott Watson, L Nelson Sanchez-Pinto, Michaël Sauthier, Prakadeshwari Rajapreyar, Philippe Jouvet, Christopher Newth, Brenda Morrow, Asya Agulnik, Werther Brunow de Carvalho, Mohamod Chisti, Jan Hau Lee, Katie Lobner, Lynn Kysh, Alix Pincivy, Philippe Dodin

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
² Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain.
³ Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
⁴ Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
⁵ Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
⁶ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
⁷ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Réanimation Pédiatrique, Lyon, France.
⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children´s, Hartford, CT.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
¹² Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
¹³ Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴ Departamento de Pediatría, Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Hospital El Carmen de Maipú, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁵ Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁶ Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics and Heart and Vascular Institute, INOVA Fairfax Medical Center, Falls Church, VA.
¹⁸ Department of Paediatric Critical Care, Perth Children's Hospital Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁹ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Department, Hospital General de Agudos "C. Durand" Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁰ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
²¹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
²² Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²³ Departments of Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
²⁴ Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁵ KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
²⁶ Cardiac Critical Care and ECMO, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO.
²⁸ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, València, Spain.
²⁹ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
³¹ Respiratory Therapy Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
³² Immunological and Respiratory Disorders, Paediatric Critical Care Unit Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Pediatric Intensive Care and Intermediate Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³³ Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
³⁴ Departement of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
³⁶ Division of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
³⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN.
³⁸ Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care) and Preventive Medicine (Health & Biomedical Informatics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
³⁹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
⁴⁰ Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
⁴² Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
⁴³ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
⁴⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospitals, San Francisco and Oakland, CA.
⁴⁶ Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle, WA.
⁴⁷ Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.

PMID: 36661420
PMCID: PMC9848214
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147

Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2)

Guillaume Emeriaud et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2023.

. 2023 Feb 1;24(2):143-168.

doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147. Epub 2023 Jan 20.

Authors

Collaborators

Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2) Group on behalf of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network:
Guillaume Emeriaud, Yolanda M López-Fernández, Robinder G Khemani, Narayan Prabhu Iyer, Melania Bembea, Steven Kwasi Korang, Katherine M Steffen, Nadir Yehya, Lincoln Smith, Neal J Thomas, Jerry J Zimmerman, Simon J Erickson, Steven L Shein, Jocelyn R Grunwell, Mary K Dahmer, Anil Sapru, Michael W Quasney, Heidi R Flori, Analia Fernandez, Vicent Modesto I Alapont, Peter Rimensberger, Ira Cheifetz, Courtney Rowan, Adrienne G Randolph, Martin Kneyber, Stacey Valentine, Sapna Kudchadkar, Shan Ward, Vinay Nadkarni, Martha A Q Curley, Anoopindar Bhalla, Florent Baudin, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Pablo Cruces, Christopher L Carroll, Natalie Napolitano, Marti Pons-Odena, Sandrine Essouri, Jérome Rambaud, Ryan Barbaro, Duncan Macrae, Heidi Dalton, Elizabeth Killien, Aline Maddux, Sze Man Tse, Scott Watson, L Nelson Sanchez-Pinto, Michaël Sauthier, Prakadeshwari Rajapreyar, Philippe Jouvet, Christopher Newth, Brenda Morrow, Asya Agulnik, Werther Brunow de Carvalho, Mohamod Chisti, Jan Hau Lee, Katie Lobner, Lynn Kysh, Alix Pincivy, Philippe Dodin

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
² Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bizkaia, Spain.
³ Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
⁴ Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
⁵ Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
⁶ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
⁷ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Réanimation Pédiatrique, Lyon, France.
⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children´s, Hartford, CT.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
¹² Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
¹³ Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴ Departamento de Pediatría, Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Hospital El Carmen de Maipú, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁵ Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁶ Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics and Heart and Vascular Institute, INOVA Fairfax Medical Center, Falls Church, VA.
¹⁸ Department of Paediatric Critical Care, Perth Children's Hospital Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁹ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Department, Hospital General de Agudos "C. Durand" Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁰ Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
²¹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
²² Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²³ Departments of Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
²⁴ Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁵ KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
²⁶ Cardiac Critical Care and ECMO, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO.
²⁸ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, València, Spain.
²⁹ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
³¹ Respiratory Therapy Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
³² Immunological and Respiratory Disorders, Paediatric Critical Care Unit Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Pediatric Intensive Care and Intermediate Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³³ Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
³⁴ Departement of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Departments of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
³⁶ Division of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
³⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN.
³⁸ Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care) and Preventive Medicine (Health & Biomedical Informatics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
³⁹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
⁴⁰ Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
⁴² Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
⁴³ Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
⁴⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospitals, San Francisco and Oakland, CA.
⁴⁶ Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle, WA.
⁴⁷ Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.

PMID: 36661420
PMCID: PMC9848214
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147

Abstract

Objectives: We sought to update our 2015 work in the Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS), considering new evidence and topic areas that were not previously addressed.

Design: International consensus conference series involving 52 multidisciplinary international content experts in PARDS and four methodology experts from 15 countries, using consensus conference methodology, and implementation science.

Setting: Not applicable.

Patients: Patients with or at risk for PARDS.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: Eleven subgroups conducted systematic or scoping reviews addressing 11 topic areas: 1) definition, incidence, and epidemiology; 2) pathobiology, severity, and risk stratification; 3) ventilatory support; 4) pulmonary-specific ancillary treatment; 5) nonpulmonary treatment; 6) monitoring; 7) noninvasive respiratory support; 8) extracorporeal support; 9) morbidity and long-term outcomes; 10) clinical informatics and data science; and 11) resource-limited settings. The search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost) and was updated in March 2022. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology was used to summarize evidence and develop the recommendations, which were discussed and voted on by all PALICC-2 experts. There were 146 recommendations and statements, including: 34 recommendations for clinical practice; 112 consensus-based statements with 18 on PARDS definition, 55 on good practice, seven on policy, and 32 on research. All recommendations and statements had agreement greater than 80%.

Conclusions: PALICC-2 recommendations and consensus-based statements should facilitate the implementation and adherence to the best clinical practice in patients with PARDS. These results will also inform the development of future programs of research that are crucially needed to provide stronger evidence to guide the pediatric critical care teams managing these patients.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Barbaro is currently receiving grant support (R01 HL153519; R01 HD015434) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH); he is currently Chair of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Dr. Bembea receives research funding to her institution from the NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS106292) and the Grifols Investigator Sponsored Research Grant. She serves as Chair of the Scientific Committee of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators Research Network. Dr. Cheifetz is a medical consultant for Phillips and Medtronic. His institution receives research grant funding from the NIH. Dr. Cruces received funding from the Chilean Ministry of Sciences (Fondecyt 1220322). Dr. Curley received funding from the NIH (UH3HL141736, R01HD098269, R01HL149910, R01HL153519, R01HD104618). Dr. Dahmer received funding from the NIH (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD], R21 HD097387; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [NHLBI] R01 HL149910). Dr. Dalton received funding from the Department of Defense (No. 13363072). She is a consultant for Innovative Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Concepts, Hemocue, Entegrion, Medtronic, and advisory board member for Abiomed. Dr. Emeriaud’s research program is supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé and the Quebec Respiratory Health Network. Dr. Emeriaud is leading a study, which is financially supported by Maquet. Dr. Jouvet’s research program and salary is supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé and the Quebec Respiratory Health Network. Dr. Jouvet is leading studies, which is financially supported by VitalTracer, Dymedso and public financial agencies (Canadian Foundation for innovation, Institut TransMedTech, Quebec Ministry of Health, Sainte-Justine Hospital). Dr. Killien received funding from the NIH (NICHD K23HD100566). Dr. Kneyber received research funding from the NIH/NICHD (UG3 HL141736-01/U24 HL141723-01) and ZorgOnderzoek Nederland and the area Medical (848041002), Stichting Vrienden Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis, Fonds NutsOhra, University Medical Center Groningen, VU University Medical Center, and the Royal Academy of Dutch Sciences (TerMeulen stipend). Dr. Kneyber’s research program is technically supported by Vyaire, Applied Biosignals, and Timpl. Dr. Kneyber received honoraria from Vyaire. Dr. Kneyber serves as consultant for Metran and served as consultant for Vyaire. Dr. Kudchadkar received funding to her institution from the NIH/NICHD (R01HD103811 & R21HD093369) and the Donaghue Foundation. Dr. López-Fernández is funded by an academic grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (PI19/00141). Dr. Maddux received funding to her institution from the NIH/NICHD (K23HD096018). Dr. Morrow has received honoraria for Continuing Medical Education presentations from EduPro Health. Her research is part-funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa, through the Incentive Funding for Rated Researchers program. Dr. Nadkarni receives unrestricted research grants to his institution from the NIH, U.S. Department of Defense, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Laerdal Foundation, RQI Partners, Zoll Medical, Defibtech, HeartHero, and Nihon-Kohden. Dr. Nadkarni is an elected member of the Executive Committee (Council) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Dr. Napolitano research and consulting relationships with: Drager, Timpel, VERO-Biotech, Actuated Medical, and Philips/Respironics. Dr. Pons has been on the speaker’s bureau of Philips, ResMed and Fisher & Paykel; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu has received disposable material from these companies. Dr. Randolph receives funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIH (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AI154470). Dr. Rowan receives funding from the NHLBI (NHLBI K23HL150244). Dr. Sanchez-Pinto received funding from the NIH (NICHD R01 HD105939). Dr. Sauthier research program and salary is supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé. Dr. Takeuchi receives funding from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science grant (KAKENHI 21K09063). Dr. Tse receives research funding to her institution from the Canadian Institute of Health Research and salary support from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé. Dr. Watson receives research funding to his institution from the NIH. Dr. Zimmerman received research funding from NIH and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; royalties from Elsevier Publishing. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
Schematic summary of key therapies or management strategies in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome based on the Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference recommendations and statements. *Continuous positive airway pressure if unable to tolerate bilevel noninvasive ventilation (NIV). ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula, HFOV = high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure, SFo₂ ratio = oxygen saturation/Fio₂ ratio, Spo₂ = pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, Vt = tidal volume.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Force ADT, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. : Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin definition. JAMA 2012; 307:2526–2533 - PubMed
1. Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group: Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:428–439 - PMC - PubMed
1. Quasney MW, Lopez-Fernandez YM, Santschi M, et al. : The outcomes of children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: Proceedings from the pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:S118–S131 - PubMed
1. Thomas NJ, Jouvet P, Willson D: Acute lung injury in children-kids really aren´t just little adults. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:429–432 - PubMed
1. Khemani RG, Smith LS, Zimmerman JJ, et al. : Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: Definition, incidence, and epidemiology: Proceedings from the pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:S23–S40 - PubMed

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Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2)

Collaborators

Affiliations

Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2)

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical