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. 2023 Jan 10;12(1):132.
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12010132.

New Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistance of Streptococcus suis and Biofilm Formation from Swine in Heilongjiang Province of China

Chun-Liu Dong  1   2 , Rui-Xiang Che  1   3 , Tong Wu  1 , Qian-Wei Qu  1 , Mo Chen  1 , Si-Di Zheng  1 , Xue-Hui Cai  4 , Gang Wang  4   5 , Yan-Hua Li  1   2
Affiliations

New Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistance of Streptococcus suis and Biofilm Formation from Swine in Heilongjiang Province of China

Chun-Liu Dong et al. Antibiotics (Basel). .

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and genotypes of Streptococcus suis in Heilongjiang Province, China. A total of 29 S. suis were isolated from 332 samples collected from 6 pig farms. The results showed that serotypes 2, 4 and 9 were prevalent, and all the clinical isolates were resistant to at least two antibacterial drugs. The most resisted drugs were macrolides, and the least resisted drugs were fluoroquinolones. Resistant genes ermB and aph (3')-IIIa were highly distributed among the isolates, with the detection rates of 79.31% and 75.86%. The formation of biofilm could be observed in all the isolated S. suis, among which D-1, LL-1 and LL-3 strains formed stronger biofilm structure than other strains. The results indicate that S. suis in Heilongjiang Province presents a multi-drug resistance to commonly used antimicrobial drugs, which was caused by the same target gene, the dissemination of drug resistance genes, and bacterial biofilm.

Keywords: Streptococcus suis; biofilm; drug resistance gene; multi-drug resistance; serotype.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographical distribution of the farms where the experimental samples were collected. Numbers 1–6 represent the different farms where samples were collected and the number of samples; 1: Harbin-1 (40), 2: Harbin-2 (26), 3: Harbin-3 (44), 4: Suihua (4), 5: Daqing (40), 6: Qiqihar (178).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage isolation rate of the different serotypes of S. suis isolated from the six farms. S. suis 2 were 34.48%, S. suis 4 were 51.72%, S. suis 9 were 3.45%, and S. suis with no serotype were 10.35%. Only one serotype existed in the farms located in Qiqihar, Harbin-3, and Suihua. The farms in Harbin-1 and Daqing had two serotypes. Three serotypes were isolated the farm located in Harbin-2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The MIC results of 29 clinical isolates of S. suis. The MIC value is represented by a color scale (top right) going from low (green) to high (red).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Detection rate of drug resistance genes, ermA (55.17%), ermB (79.31%), ermTR (58.62%), msrD (10.34%), mefA (3.45%), mefE (72.41%), aph (3′)-IIIa (75.86%), lnu(B) (55.17%), tetO (31.03%), tetM (44.83%). The resistance genes of ermA, ermB, ermTR, mefA, mefE, msrD belong to macrolides, the aph (3′)-IIIa gene belongs to aminoglycosides, the lnu(B) gene belongs to lincosamides, the tetO and tetM genes belong to tetracyclines.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The ability of S. suis isolated from the six farms to form biofilm. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations. S. suis ATCC 700794 was used as the positive control, and the negative control was culture with medium only. (a) The ability of S. suis isolated from Qiqihar pig farm to form biofilm; (b) The ability of S. suis isolated from Harbin-1 pig farm to form biofilm; (c) The ability of S. suis isolated from Harbin-2 pig farm to form biofilm; (d) The ability of S. suis isolated from Daqing pig farm to form biofilm; (e) The ability of S. suis isolated from Harbin-3 pig farm to form biofilm; (f) The ability of S. suis isolated from Suihua pig farm to form biofilm.
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