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Review
. 2023 Jan 6;13(1):101.
doi: 10.3390/bios13010101.

The Feature, Performance, and Prospect of Advanced Electrodes for Electroencephalogram

Qing Liu  1 , Liangtao Yang  1 , Zhilin Zhang  1 , Hui Yang  1 , Yi Zhang  1 , Jinglong Wu  1
Affiliations
Review

The Feature, Performance, and Prospect of Advanced Electrodes for Electroencephalogram

Qing Liu et al. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Recently, advanced electrodes have been developed, such as semi-dry, dry contact, dry non-contact, and microneedle array electrodes. They can overcome the issues of wet electrodes and maintain high signal quality. However, the variations in these electrodes are still unclear and not explained, and there is still confusion regarding the feasibility of electrodes for different application scenarios. In this review, the physical features and electroencephalogram (EEG) signal performances of these advanced EEG electrodes are introduced in view of the differences in contact between the skin and electrodes. Specifically, contact features, biofeatures, impedance, signal quality, and artifacts are discussed. The application scenarios and prospects of different types of EEG electrodes are also elucidated.

Keywords: EEG; advanced electrodes; application scenarios; artifacts; biofeatures; impedance; signal quality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of various EEG electrodes in configuration, features, and performances.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Summary of electrode configuration, electrode-skin contact features, and electrical equivalent circuits of different types of EEG electrodes. (The electrode schematic diagram and equivalent circuit diagram are referenced from the literature [9,22]. Photographs of wet and dry electrodes are provided by grael, semi-dry electrodes are from [23], dry non-contact electrodes are from [24], and microneedle array electrodes are from [25,26]).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The electrode-skin contact impedance of wet electrodes (Data derived from [52,53,54,55,56,57,58].), semi-dry electrodes (Data derived from [23,37,45,59,61,62,63,64,65,66,67]), dry contact electrodes (Data derived from [39,40,41,44,46,53,55,56,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]), non-contact electrodes (Data derived from [11,47]) and microneedle array electrodes (Data derived from [25,38,51,52,54,57,58,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113]). Details are in Appendix A Table A2, Table A3, Table A4 and Table A5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The SNR (black square), signal correlation (yellow diamond), and coherence (blue dots) of semi-dry electrodes (Data derived from [23,27,45,59,63,64,65,66]), dry contact electrodes (Data derived from [39,44,46,53,55,70,72,73,75,76,81,83,85,86,88,89,91,92,94,96,98,116,117,118,119,120,121]), dry non-contact electrodes (Data derived from [11,47,48]) and microneedle array electrodes (Data derived from [57,58,102]), details are in Appendix A Table A2, Table A3, Table A4 and Table A5.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Existing and future trends electrodes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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