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. 2023 Jan 14;20(2):1552.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph20021552.

The Global, Regional and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer Attributable to Smoking, 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Wenkai Jiang  1 , Caifei Xiang  1 , Yan Du  1 , Xin Li  2 , Wence Zhou  1   3
Affiliations

The Global, Regional and National Burden of Pancreatic Cancer Attributable to Smoking, 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Wenkai Jiang et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Objective: Pancreatic cancer poses a serious medical problem worldwide. Studies have reported the relationship between smoking and cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the burden of pancreatic cancer attributable to smoking and its global, regional and national trends, patterns and alterations from 1990 to 2019.

Methods: Data were extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange query tool, including deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and age-standardized rates (ASRs). Measures were stratified by sex, age, region, country/territory and sociodemographic index (SDI). We used Joinpoint regression to determine the secular trend of ASRs by calculating the average annual percentage change (AAPC).

Results: In 2019, smoking risk-related deaths and DALYs accounted for 21.3% and 21.1% of global pancreatic cancer, respectively. There were 113,384 (95% UI 98,830 to 128,466) deaths of smoking-attributable pancreatic cancer worldwide in 2019, of which 64.1% were in males. The disease burden was higher in males than in females. High-income regions or large population regions had the higher disease burden. East Asia carried the highest number of smoking-attributable pancreatic cancer deaths and DALYs. The Caribbean had the fastest increasing rate (AAPC = 3.849, 95% CI 3.310 to 4.391) of age-standardized death rate over the past 30 years. In 2019, China had the highest number of deaths, which was followed by the USA and Japan. There was a trend of increasing ASDR along with increases in SDI.

Conclusion: Variations existed in the smoking risk-related pancreatic cancer burden among different sexes, age groups, regions and countries/territories. The burden of smoking-attributable pancreatic cancer should be considered an important health issue. Future strategies should include comprehensive policies to control tobacco use.

Keywords: death; disability-adjusted life-year; pancreatic cancer; risk factor; smoking; tobacco.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The change trend in the ASDR of pancreatic cancer attributable to smoking in four continents from 1990 to 2019. (A) Africa; (B) America; (C) Asia; (D) Europe. APC: annual percentage change.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The death and DALY rate of smoking related to pancreatic cancer among four world regions in 2019. (A,B): Africa; (C,D): America; (E,F): Asia; (G,H): Europe. DALY: disability-adjusted life-year.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fraction of pancreatic cancer age-standardized deaths attributable to smoking by region. (A) Male; (B) Female.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Deaths (A) and DALYs (B) of pancreatic cancer attributable to smoking across all countries/territories in 2019. DALYs: disability-adjusted life-years.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Age-standardized rates of death (A) and DALY (B) of pancreatic cancer attributable to smoking across all countries/territories in 2019. ASDR: age-standardized death rate; DALY: disability-adjusted life-year.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The trend in ASDR of pancreatic cancer attributable to smoking across 21 GBD regions by SDI, from 1990 to 2019. ASDR: age-standardized death rate; SDI: sociodemographic index.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The relationship between ASDR and SDI among all countries/territories in 2019. ASR: age-standardized rate. ASR: age-standardized rate; SDI: sociodemographic index.
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