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. 2023 Jan 6;16(2):555.
doi: 10.3390/ma16020555.

The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes

Rikson Siburian  1   2   3 , Fajar Hutagalung  3 , Oktavian Silitonga  1 , Suriati Paiman  4 , Lisnawaty Simatupang  5 , Crystina Simanjuntak  2   3 , Sri Pratiwi Aritonang  3   6 , Yatimah Alias  7   8 , Lin Jing  9 , Ronn Goei  9 , Alfred Iing Yoong Tok  9
Affiliations

The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes

Rikson Siburian et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

In this article, we present the performance of Copper (Cu)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and C-π (Graphite, GNS, and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N-GNS)) as a new battery electrode prototype. The objectives of this research are to develop a number of prototypes of the battery electrode, namely Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//C-π, and to evaluate their respective performances. The GNS, N-GNS, and primary battery electrode prototypes (Cu/GNS/Electrolyte/C-π) were synthesized by using a modified Hummers method; the N-doped sheet was obtained by doping nitrogen at room temperature and the impregnation or the composite techniques, respectively. Commercial primary battery electrodes were also used as a reference in this research. The Graphite, GNS, N-GNS, commercial primary batteries electrode, and battery electrode prototypes were analyzed using an XRD, SEM-EDX, and electrical multimeter, respectively. The research data show that the Cu particles are well deposited on the GNS and N-GNS (XRD and SEM-EDX data). The presence of the Cu metal and electrolytes (NH4Cl and MnO2) materials can increase the electrical conductivities (335.6 S cm-1) and power density versus the energy density (4640.47 W kg-1 and 2557.55 Wh kg-1) of the Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS compared to the commercial battery (electrical conductivity (902.2 S cm-1) and power density versus the energy density (76 W kg-1 and 43.95 W kg-1). Based on all of the research data, it may be concluded that Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS can be used as a new battery electrode prototype with better performances and electrical activities.

Keywords: Cu/GNS; N-graphene nano sheets; battery electrode prototype; electrolyte; graphene nano sheets; graphite.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diffraction pattern XRD anode and cathode primary battery prototype and commercial.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM images of (a) commercial battery anode, (b) commercial battery cathode, (c) Cu/GNS, (d) Graphite, (e) GNS, and (f) N—GNS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Electrical conductivity electrode (a) commercial battery anode, (b) commercial battery cathode, (c) Cu/GNS, (d) Graphite, (e) GNS, (f) N—GNS.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Power density vs. energy density electrode (a) commercial battery anode, (b) commercial battery cathode, (c) Cu/GNS, (d) graphite, (e) GNS, (f) N—GNS.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) SEM image of Cu/GNS, (b) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//Graphite, (c) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//GNS, (d) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS. Red circles correspond to Cu particles.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) SEM image of Cu/GNS, (b) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//Graphite, (c) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//GNS, (d) SEM image of Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS. Red circles correspond to Cu particles.
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM image, EDX graph, C element mapping, Cu element mapping, Mn element mapping, and O element mapping from Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//Graphite (a–f), Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//GNS (g–l), and Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—Graphene (m–r).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cu particle size with primary battery prototype.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Electrical conductivity primary battery prototype (a) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//Graphite, (b) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//GNS, (c) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Power density vs. energy density primary battery prototype (a) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//Graphite, (b) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//GNS, (c) Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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