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. 2023 Jan 12;14(1):191.
doi: 10.3390/mi14010191.

A Study on High-Rate Performance of Graphite Nanostructures Produced by Ball Milling as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Vahide Ghanooni Ahmadabadi  1 , Md Mokhlesur Rahman  1 , Ying Chen  1
Affiliations

A Study on High-Rate Performance of Graphite Nanostructures Produced by Ball Milling as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Vahide Ghanooni Ahmadabadi et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

Graphite, with appealing features such as good stability, high electrical conductivity, and natural abundance, is still the main commercial anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The charge-discharge rate capability of graphite anodes is not significant for the development of mobile devices and electric vehicles. Therefore, the feasibility investigation of the rate capability enhancement of graphite by manipulating the structure is worthwhile and of interest. In this study, an effective ball-milling process has been set up by which graphite nanostructures with a high surface area are produced. An in-depth investigation into the effect of ball milling on graphite structure as well as electrochemical performance, particularly rate capability, is conducted. Here, we report that graphite nanoflakes with 350 m2 g-1 surface area deliver retained capacity of ~75 mAh g-1 at 10 C (1 C = 372 mA g-1). Finally, the Li+ surface-storage mechanism is recognised by associating the structural characteristics with electrochemical properties.

Keywords: anode; graphite; lithium-ion batteries; rate capability; specific surface area.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD patterns (a); crystallite sizes (b); BET-specific surface area (c) of commercial graphite (CG) and ball-milled graphite samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Raman spectra (a) and ID/IG (b) of CG, 2 h, and 5 h.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Electron microscopy characterisation of CG and ball-milled graphite: low and high-magnification SEM images of CG (a), 2 h (b), and 5 h (c); TEM images of 2 h (d) and 5 h (e).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Electrochemical performances of CG, 2 h and 5 h electrodes: (a) cycling stability at a 0.25 C (1 C = 372 mA g−1) up to 200 cycles; (b–d) corresponding galvanostatic discharge/charge profiles for the selected cycles obtained at 0.25 C; (e) reversible and irreversible capacity as a function of BET specific surface area of the active material.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Rate performance (a) and corresponding discharge/charge potential profiles obtained at each rate (b–d) of the CG, 2 h, and 5 h electrodes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cyclic voltammograms of CG (a), 2 h (b), and 5 h (c) electrodes with a scan rate of 0.05 mA s−1.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic of the evolution in the lithiation mechanism of graphite electrode by increasing the surface area of graphite at low (a,b) and high current rates (c,d).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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