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. 2023 Jan 9;11(1):166.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11010166.

Viral and Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel

Yonatan Oster  1   2 , Wiessam Abu Ahmad  3 , Ayelet Michael-Gayego  1 , Mila Rivkin  1   4 , Leonid Levinzon  1   4 , Dana Wolf  1   2   4 , Ran Nir-Paz  1   2 , Hila Elinav  1   2
Affiliations

Viral and Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel

Yonatan Oster et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Background: previous worldwide reports indicated a substantial short-term reduction in various respiratory infections during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Aims: exploring the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory pathogens.

Methods: retrospective analysis of bacterial and viral positivity rate in respiratory samples, between 1 January 2017-30 June 2022 in a tertiary hospital in Jerusalem, Israel.

Results: A decline in overall respiratory tests and positivity rate was observed in the first months of the pandemic. Respiratory isolations of Hemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae were insignificantly affected and returned to their monthly average by November 2020, despite a parallel surge in COVID-19 activity, while Mycoplasma pneumoniae was almost eliminated from the respiratory pathogens scene. Each viral pathogen acted differently, with adenovirus affected only for few months. Human-metapneumovirus and respiratory-syncytial-virus had reduced activity for approximately a year, and influenza A virus resurged in November 2021 with the elimination of Influenza-B.

Conclusions: After an immediate decline in non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections, each pathogen has a different pattern during a 2-year follow-up. These patterns might be influenced by intrinsic factors of each pathogen and different risk reduction behaviors of the population. Since some of these measures will remain in the following years, we cannot predict the timing of return to pre-COVID-19 normalcy.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; bacterial; respiratory pathogens; viral.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Viral pathogens in the pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (A). COVID-19 activity-Monthly COVID-19 cases in Jerusalem district. (B). Monthly viral samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (C). Monthly positivity rate (%) of influenza virus in samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022) green influenza A, blue H1N1, orange influenza B. (D). Monthly positivity rate (%) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (E). Monthly positivity rate (%) of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (F). Monthly positivity rate (%) of parainfluenza virus (combined 1–3) in samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (G). Monthly positivity rate (%) of adenovirus in samples submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bacterial pathogens in the pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (A). COVID-19 activity−Monthly COVID-19 cases in Jerusalem district. (B). Monthly sputum samples submitted to the Hadassah microbiology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (C). Monthly number of isolates of Haemophilus influenza recovered from sputum samples submitted to Hadassah microbiology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (D). Monthly number of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from sputum samples submitted to the Hadassah microbiology lab (January 2017–June 2022). (E). Monthly positivity rate (%) of samples submitted for Mycoplasma pneumoniae PCR submitted to the Hadassah Virology lab (January 2017–June 2022).
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