Recent Strategies for High-Performing Indoor Perovskite Photovoltaics

Abstract

The development of digital technology has made our lives more advanced as a society familiar with the Internet of Things (IoT). Solar cells are among the most promising candidates for power supply in IoT sensors. Perovskite photovoltaics (PPVs), which have already attained 25% and 40% power conversion efficiencies for outdoor and indoor light, respectively, are the best candidates for self-powered IoT system integration. In this review, we discuss recent research progress on PPVs under indoor light conditions, with a focus on device engineering to achieve high-performance indoor PPVs (Id-PPVs), including bandgap optimization and defect management. Finally, we discuss the challenges of Id-PPVs development and its interpretation as a potential research direction in the field.

Keywords: hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite; indoor photovoltaics; internet of things; low-light illumination; perovskite solar modules; wide bandgap.

Figure 1

Plots depicting the (a) comparison of sunlight spectra (AM 1.5G) to other typical light sources. Reprinted with permission from [39], copyright 2019 Elsevier. (b) Energy gap vs. calculated power conversion efficiency (PCE) derived from S–Q limit of an ideal solar cell under AM 1.5G and 4000 K white light emitting diode (LED; grey area depicted different of those ideal bandgaps). Reprinted with permission from [32], copyright 2022 John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 2

(a) Plots showing the absorption spectra and J–V curves of perovskite films with different Br⁻ contents (x) [MA_0.85Cs_0.15Pb(I_1−xBr_x)₃; x = 0 or 0.15] measured under various TL5 fluorescent tube illumination. Reprinted with permission from [40], copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons. (b) Schematic crystal structure transformations with different halide configurations. Reprinted with permission from [43], copyright 2021 Elsevier.

Figure 4

(a) Plots illustrating the Sn⁴⁺ suppression upon Catechin addition from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. Reprinted with permission from [91], copyright 2021 AIP Publishing. (b) Schematic illustration of the Sn-based PPVs with KSCN treatment and of crystal orientation of FA_0.75MA_0.25SnI₂Br from (0 0 1) plane, with and without KSCN treatment. Reprinted with permission from [92], copyright 2022 Elsevier.

Figure 5

(a) Schematic illustration of the roll-to-roll equipment via rotatable magnetron sputtering on a 100 μm-thick glass roll. Reprinted with permission from [116], copyright 2020 Elsevier. (b) Schematic illustration of annealing behavior and crystallization formation with and without air gap, and J–V curve under 1000 lx illumination of LED with inset stabilized PCE. Reprinted with permission from [50], copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic illustration of the one-step blade-coating method assisted by using hexafluorobenzene as co-solvent. (d) Plot of the J–V curve of series-connected mini-module under white LED 285 lux illumination. Reprinted with permission from [57], copyright 2022 Elsevier.

Figure 3

(a) Diagram of the equivalent circuit of solar cell, with the basic parameters defined as the reverse saturated current density (J₀), shunt current (J_ph), photogenerated current (J_ph), measured current (J), shunt resistance (R_sh), and series resistance (R_s). Reprinted with permission from [62], copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons. (b) Schematic illustration of the interaction between hydrophobic poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) molecule and perovskite single crystal. Reprinted with permission from [37], copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic illustration of the PPV device structure with alkali fluoride top-bottom passivation. (d) Plot of the J–V curve of a 9 mm² device at 1000 lx. Reprinted with permission from [54], copyright 2021 Elsevier.