The Properties of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Applications

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous materials with various functions based on their host-guest chemistry. Their selectivity, diffusion kinetics, and catalytic activity are influenced by their design and synthetic procedure. The synthesis of different MOFs has been of considerable interest during the past decade thanks to their various applications in the arena of sensors, catalysts, adsorption, and electronic devices. Among the different techniques for the synthesis of MOFs, such as the solvothermal, sonochemical, ionothermal, and mechanochemical processes, microwave-assisted synthesis has clinched a significant place in MOF synthesis. The main assets of microwave-assisted synthesis are the short reaction time, the fast rate of nucleation, and the modified properties of MOFs. The review encompasses the development of the microwave-assisted synthesis of MOFs, their properties, and their applications in various fields.

Keywords: aggregation; crystal; kinetics; metal–organic framework (MOF); microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis; porosity.

Figure 1

The XRD patterns of MIL-53 (Fe) synthesised at 70 °C by (a). US (35 min); (b). MW (2 h); and (c). CE (3 d). Reproduced with permission from [59].

Figure 2

The mechanisms of the interaction of MW with the MOF. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [75]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Figure 3

(a) MW-assisted synthesis of NiO nanoparticles, (b) the formation of thin films by MIL-100, and (c) Mn-MOF [79].

Figure 4

The schematic representation of the CFMR for the synthesis of MOF-74 (Ni). Reproduced with permission from [91].

Figure 5

The schematic representation of MW–DSC. Reproduced with permission from [98].

Scheme 1

Oxidation of cyclohexene.

Scheme 2

The one-pot synthesis of propargyl amine.

Scheme 3

The cycloaddition reaction using Co-MOF-74.

Figure 6

The mercury diagram showing 2D rectangular grids in 2D CCB. Reproduced with permission from [105].

Scheme 4

The oxidation of methyl phenyl sulphide to phenyl sulfoxide.

Scheme 5

The cycloaddition reaction.

Figure 7

Specific capacitance using the MW-assisted synthesis of NiO nanoparticles.