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Review
. 2023 Jan 14;15(1):282.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010282.

Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration

Hongbin Lai  1   2 , Jiaqi Li  2 , Xiaoxing Kou  2 , Xueli Mao  2 , Wei Zhao  1 , Lan Ma  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration

Hongbin Lai et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. According to their biogenesis and release pathway, EVs can be divided into three categories: apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs). Recently, the role of EVs in oral disease has received close attention. In this review, the main characteristics of EVs are described, including their classification, biogenesis, biomarkers, and components. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of EVs in tissue regeneration is discussed. We further summarize the current status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and discuss the potential mechanisms. The therapeutic potential of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration might involve the promotion of tissue regeneration and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we highlight the current challenges in the translational use of EVs. This review would provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of EVs in dental pulp and periodontal regeneration.

Keywords: extracellular vesicle; periodontal regeneration; pulp regeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Graphic representation of the different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Generally, EVs are divided into apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs) according to their biogenesis. ApoVs are released from disassembled apoptotic cells and are categorized as apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), apoptotic microvesicles (ApoMVs), and apoptotic exosomes (ApoExos), based on their different sizes. MVs are generated via the direct outward budding of the plasma membrane. The biogenesis of sEVs comprises the formation of endocytic vesicles, early sorting endosomes (ESEs), late sorting endosomes (LSEs), and intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within multivesicular bodies (MVBs), followed by release upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The markers of different kinds of EVs. The possible markers of sEVs, MVs, and ApoVs are briefly summarized.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Therapeutic mechanisms of EVs in tissue regeneration. EVs derived from various parent cells contain nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which exhibit their functions in tissue regeneration. The regenerative potential of EVs is mainly attributed to their direct impacts on target cells in the regulation of cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as their indirect effects on enhancing angiogenesis and modulating immune responses.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Therapeutic mechanisms of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration. EV-based therapies are promising therapeutic approaches for pulp and periodontal regeneration and have the potential to regulate the immune microenvironment, boost angiogenesis, facilitate neural regeneration, and promote MSC proliferation and differentiation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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