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. 2023 Jan 5;23(2):630.
doi: 10.3390/s23020630.

Techno-Economic Comparison of Stationary Storage and Battery-Electric Buses for Mitigating Solar Intermittency

Arif Ahmed  1 , Tobias Massier  1
Affiliations

Techno-Economic Comparison of Stationary Storage and Battery-Electric Buses for Mitigating Solar Intermittency

Arif Ahmed et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power generation has led to more and more installation of renewable energies such as wind and solar power. However, the high intermittency of these generators poses a threat to electrical grid stability. The power output of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, for instance, depends on the solar irradiance, and consequently on weather conditions. In order to mitigate the adverse effects of solar intermittency, storage such as batteries can be deployed. However, the cost of a stationary energy storage system (SESS) is high, particularly for large PV installations. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are an alternative to SESS. With increasing number of BEVs, more and more storage capacity becomes available while these vehicles are charging. In this paper, we compare stationary batteries to mobile batteries of battery electric buses (BEBs) in a public bus terminus for balancing fluctuations of solar PV installations. Public buses have been chosen due to their large batteries and because they are more easily manageable than private cars. An optimisation model has been developed considering both the bus operator's and the PV operator's objectives. Cycle ageing of batteries is included in the investigation. Our analysis reveals that utilising public BEBs with high battery capacity to balance solar PV fluctuations can present a positive financial case.

Keywords: battery ageing; electric buses; optimal operation; photovoltaics; solar balancing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Battery energy fade in kWh/cycle.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PV generation, PV ramped energy, and energy fed to the grid at 10% ramp requirement over a period of five days.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Revenue PV to grid (SGD) and cost of PV ramped (SGD) at 10% ramp requirement over a period of five days.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PV ramped cost (SGD) over PV ramp rate limit for one year.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The battery SoC for a 13.5-kWh battery over a period of five days.
Figure 6
Figure 6
PV ramp cost over PV ramp rate limit for various battery capacities for one year.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Revenue from PV to grid over PV ramp rate limit for various battery capacities for one year.
Figure 8
Figure 8
PV ramp cost over PV ramp rate limit for various battery ramp limits for one year.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Revenue from PV to grid over ramp rates for various battery ramp limits for one year.
Figure 10
Figure 10
PV generation, PV 2 Bus, ramped energy, and energy fed to the grid at 10% ramp rate limit for the bus operator’s objective (Equation (17)) over a period of five days.
Figure 11
Figure 11
PV generation, ramped power, and energy fed to the grid at 10% ramp rate limit for the PV operator’s objective (Equation (18)) over a period of five days.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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