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Review
. 2022 Dec 27;11(1):59.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines11010059.

Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapies

Ruchi Roy  1 , Sunil Kumar Singh  2 , Sweta Misra  1
Affiliations
Review

Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapies

Ruchi Roy et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Recent work has suggested involvement of the immune system in biological therapies specifically targeting tumor microenvironment. Substantial advancement in the treatment of malignant tumors utilizing immune cells, most importantly T cells that play a key role in cell-mediated immunity, have led to success in clinical trials. Therefore, this article focuses on the therapeutic approaches and developmental strategies to treat cancer. This review emphasizes the immunomodulatory response, the involvement of key tumor-infiltrating cells, the mechanistic aspects, and prognostic biomarkers. We also cover recent advancements in therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: CAR T cell therapy; cancer vaccines; checkpoint-inhibitors; combination therapy; tumor microenvironment; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors do not have any possible conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Tumor microenvironment in cancer. Schematic depicting progress of tumor involving suppression of immune function, tumor cells proliferation leading to metastasis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lymphangiogenesis role in tumor microenvironment. Tumors infiltrated with immune cells with Treg and CD8+ effector T cells become functionally inhibited by the effects of PD-L1 expressing tumor cells. Lymphatic vessels expressing chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 binds to respective ligands CXCL12 and CCL21, leading organ tumors to metastasize.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Promising therapies are being developed, targeting immune cells to fight cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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