Different Types of Vaccines against Pestiviral Infections: "Barriers" for " Pestis"

Abstract

The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae mainly comprises classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and multiple new pestivirus species such as atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), giraffe pestivirus, and antelope pestivirus. Pestiviruses cause infectious diseases, resulting in tremendous economic losses to animal husbandry. Different types of pestivirus vaccines have been developed to control and prevent these important animal diseases. In recent years, pestiviruses have shown great potential as viral vectors for developing multivalent vaccines. This review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various pestivirus vaccines, including live attenuated pestivirus strains, genetically engineered marker pestiviruses, and pestivirus-based multivalent vaccines. This review provides new insights into the development of novel vaccines against emerging pestiviruses, such as APPV and ovine pestivirus.

Keywords: live attenuated vaccines; marker vaccines; multivalent vaccines; pestiviruses.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the foreign gene insertion in the pestiviral genome. The insertion sites and sizes of foreign genes in the pestiviral genome are shown. The foreign genes can be inserted between the 13th and 14th amino acids of the N^pro protein, downstream of the N^pro protein and the 7th and 8th amino acids of the C protein, between E1 and E2, and upstream of the 3′ UTR of the pestiviral genome.