Factors Associated with Dog Rabies Immunization in Changsha, China: Results of a Cross-Sectional Cluster Survey, 2015-2021

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine longitudinal trends in the prevalence of dogs that are successfully immunized against rabies virus (as measured by sufficient serum antibodies) in Changsha, an urban center of China. The secondary objective was to investigate the factors affecting the seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in dogs. In this study, 4515 canine serum samples were collected from 57 pet hospitals (immunization points) during the period of 2015-2021 in five major urban areas of Kaifu, Furong, Tianxin, Yuhua, and Yuelu in Changsha, China. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to analyze the level and trend of rabies virus antibodies in serum and further evaluate the potential factors affecting the immunization effect from five factors: sex, age, time interval after most recent vaccination and sample collection, number of vaccinations, and vaccine manufacturer. The results showed that the seroconversion from the urban dog in Changsha steadily increased from 46.13% to 73.38% during 2015-2017. The seropositivity prevalence remained above the international standard (70%) from 2018 to 2020 and up to 90.99% in 2021. Further analysis showed that the seroconversion of rabies virus among dogs was significantly affected by the age, the number of vaccinations, time interval after the most recent vaccination and sample collection, and vaccine manufacturer, while sex had less influence. The overall rabies vaccination situation in urban areas of Changsha generally meets international standards, with only a few areas showing low levels of antibodies in dogs after vaccination and risk of infectiousness. Therefore, it is recommended that the first vaccination should be given when the dog is about three months old and regularly repeated every year after that. At the same time, antibody concentrations in dogs, especially in newborn puppies and older dogs, need to be tested promptly after vaccination at the required time to ensure that they are at a high level of immune protection, which can strengthen the supervision of rabies.

Keywords: antibody level; dog; rabies; rabies antibodies; seroconversion; serum; vaccine.

Figure 1

The regional distribution of averaged number (year) of rabies cases (A) (the figure is from Yong-Chao Qiao, et al. [12]) and administrative division, Changsha urban area, China, 2021 (B).

Figure 2

The number of immunization sites (pet hospitals) involved in the study (A) and the number of dog sea collected for rabies antibody testing (B) in Changsha, China, 2015–2021.

Figure 3

Proportions of seroconversion to vaccination against rabies virus over time in each urban area of Changsha, China, 2015–2021.

Figure 4

Effect of different factors on the qualification rate of rabies vaccine. Note: * Significant differences exist between variable categories at 5% significant level. ** Significant differences exist between variable categories at 1% significant level. *** Significant differences exist between variable categories at 0.1% significant level.