Spinal Cord Stimulation for Gait Disorders in Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a therapeutic procedure widely used in the management of refractory chronic pain. Evidence from case reports and small descriptive studies has emerged suggesting a role for SCS in patients with gait dysfunction, such as freezing of gait (FoG) and postural imbalance. These are severely debilitating symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objective: To establish the current evidence base for the potential application of SCS on gait and balance dysfunction in PD patients.

Methods: Three online databases were screened for relevant manuscripts. Two separate searches and four different search strategies were applied to yield relevant results. The main parameters of interest were postural and gait symptoms; secondary outcomes were Quality of Life (QoL) and adverse effects.

Results: Nineteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Motor improvements using section III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Score (UPDRS-III) were available in 13 studies. Measurements to assess FoG reported the following improvements: FoG questionnaires (in 1/19 studies); generalized freezing parameters (2); and walkway/wireless accelerometer measurements (2). Parameters of postural imbalance and falling improved as follows: BBS (1); posture sagittal vertical axis (1); and generalized data on postural instability (8). Two studies reported on adverse effects. QoL was shown to improve as follows: EQ-5D (2); ADL (1); SF-36 (1); BDI-II (1); PDQ-8 (1); HDRS (1); and VAS (5).

Conclusion: SCS may have a therapeutic potential in advanced PD patients suffering from postural and gait-related symptoms. The existing evidence suggests that SCS positively affects patients' QoL with an acceptable safety profile in this patient population.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; balance; falls; freezing; gait; posture; review; spinal cord stimulation.

Fig. 1

PRISMA Flow diagram of study selection. Three databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Sciences) were screened for eligible studies with a focus on SCS for gait disorders/freezing and balance/falls in PD patients.