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Review
. 2023 Jan 5:13:1080737.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080737. eCollection 2022.

Neuroinflammation and brain-peripheral interaction in ischemic stroke: A narrative review

Wenjing Cheng  1 , Qing Zhao  2 , Chengzhen Li  3 , Yunzhi Xu  4
Affiliations
Review

Neuroinflammation and brain-peripheral interaction in ischemic stroke: A narrative review

Wenjing Cheng et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Excessive immune activation within the lesion site can be observed after stroke onset. Such neuroinflammation within the brain parenchyma represents the innate immune response, as well as the result of the additional interactions between peripheral and resident immune cells. Accumulative studies have illustrated that the pathological process of ischemic stroke is associated with resident and peripheral immunity. The infiltration of peripheral immune cells within the brain parenchyma implicitly contributes to secondary brain injuries. Therefore, better understanding of the roles of resident and peripheral immune reactions toward ischemic insult is necessary. In this review, we summarized the interaction between peripheral and resident immunity on systemic immunity and the clinical outcomes after stroke onset and also discussed various potential immunotherapeutic strategies.

Keywords: comorbidity; immunity; immunotherapy; inflammation; ischemic stroke; review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Interaction between resident and peripheral immune cells in response to stroke. The distinction between resident and peripheral immunity is lost after the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The resident microglia is then activated after recognition of the danger signals in the lesion sites and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the increase of adhesion molecules enables the migration and invasion of peripheral immune cells. Invading neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes elicit neuroinflammation and influence the development of brain injury and the recovery process. Additionally, comorbidities occur with the chronic inflammatory status in peripheral circulation. Currently, various immune-based therapies have been established to improve the acute damage and recovery process in ischemic stroke.
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