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Review
. 2023 Jan 6:13:993687.
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.993687. eCollection 2022.

Coding roles of long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: Emerging molecular diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets with special reference to chemotherapy resistance

Dharambir Kashyap  1 , Riya Sharma  2 , Neelam Goel  3 , Harpal S Buttar  4 , Vivek Kumar Garg  5 , Deeksha Pal  6 , Khairan Rajab  7 , Asadullah Shaikh  7
Affiliations
Review

Coding roles of long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: Emerging molecular diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets with special reference to chemotherapy resistance

Dharambir Kashyap et al. Front Genet. .

Abstract

Dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms have been depicted in several pathological consequence such as cancer. Different modes of epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation (hypomethylation or hypermethylation of promotor), histone modifications, abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs), are discovered. Particularly, lncRNAs are known to exert pivot roles in different types of cancer including breast cancer. LncRNAs with oncogenic and tumour suppressive potential are reported. Differentially expressed lncRNAs contribute a remarkable role in the development of primary and acquired resistance for radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. A wide range of molecular subtype specific lncRNAs have been assessed in breast cancer research. A number of studies have also shown that lncRNAs may be clinically used as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer. Such molecular biomarkers have also been found in cancer stem cells of breast tumours. The objectives of the present review are to summarize the important roles of oncogenic and tumour suppressive lncRNAs for the early diagnosis of breast cancer, metastatic potential, and chemotherapy resistance across the molecular subtypes.

Keywords: breast cancer; chemotherapeutic resistance; early diagnosis; long non-coding RNAs; non-invasive biomarkers; oncogenic lncRNA; tumour supressive lncRNA.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Schematic representation of genomic proportion for coding and noncoding RNA. More than 80% of human genome is noncoding and has genes for different population of noncoding RNA.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) Schematic representation of different genomic loci for noncoding RNAs. (B) Schematic representation of different types of long noncoding RNAs based on their genomic locus.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Schematic representation of different types of long noncoding RNAs based on their functions.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Showing different functions of long noncoding RNAs.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Showing long noncoding RNAs mediated different cancer related signaling pathways. Adapted from (Ghafouri-Fard et al., 2021).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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