E, K, B5, B6, and B9 vitamins and their specific immunological effects evaluated by flow cytometry

Abstract

It has been proven that vitamins play an essential role in preventing certain diseases since ancient times. It is thus fruitless to approach the roles of vitamins without making reference to the techniques used in evaluating the effects of these micronutrients. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to summarize the immunological effects of E, K, B5, B6, and B9 vitamins evaluated by flow cytometry. Some of these significant effects were presented and discussed: (a) The role of vitamins E in the prevention and treatment of different types of cancer. (b) The properties of K vitamins in the development and maintenance of pheochromocytoma Cell Line 12 (PC12) cells in Parkinson's disease; (c) The improvement effect of vitamin B5 on the loss of bone mass in low estrogen conditions; (d) The anticancer role of vitamins B6. (e) The role of Vitamin B9 in the regulation of Treg cells. As such, the flow cytometry technique used to assess these properties is essential to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of certain vitamins. The technique undergoes constant improvement which makes it possible to determine several parameters with a role in the modulation of the immune function and at the same time increase the accuracy of the methods that highlight them.

Keywords: anticancer; diseases; flow cytometry; immunology; vitamins.

FIGURE 1

Schematic representation of vitamins E roles. Using flow cytometry, the following functions of vitamins E were highlighted: anti-obesity effect, stimulate cell apoptosis, anti-proliferation role in cancer, stimulate reproductive function, reduce the mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction and protect DNA against damage.

FIGURE 2

Schematic representation of vitamins K roles. These were evaluated by flow cytometry: anti-ferroptosis agent, activate blood clotting factors, neuroprotective effects, decrease the level of ROS, anticancer factor agent and increase the number of apoptotic cells.

FIGURE 3

Vitamin B5 roles. The following effects were presented: Anticancer agent, attenuates pulmonary edema, decrease total cholesterol and LDL, increases mitochondrial activity by restoring CoA levels, stimulates the metabolic capacity of cultured cells, and decreases tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) level.

FIGURE 4

Vitamins B6 roles. The flow cytometry technique highlighted the roles of vitamins B6 such as anti-cancer effects and stimulating T-cell anti-tumor responses. CD4+ T-cell, CD4+ positive T-cell is a subtype of lymphocyte, they are MHCII restricted and are important mediators of adaptive immunity; CD8+ T-cell, CD8+ positive T-cell is a critical subpopulation of MHCI restricted T-cell; MHCI, major histocompatibility complex class I; MHCII, major histocompatibility complex class II; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL-1, programmed cell death ligand 1; CD40, a cluster of differentiation 40; CD40-L, a cluster of differentiation 40 ligand; R, receptor; TCR, tumor cell receptor; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell.

FIGURE 5

Vitamin B9 roles. The image shows the importance of VB9, which was highlighted through abnormalities of B9 metabolism that are correlated with the apoptosis of astrocytes.