Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport

Paul R Appleton^{1

2}, Carme Viladrich³, Eleanor Quested^{4

5}, Lorena González-García⁶, Athanasios Papaioannou⁷, Howard K Hall⁸, Isabel Balaguer⁶, Yago Ramis⁹, Philippe Sarrazin¹⁰, Jean-Philippe Heuzé¹⁰, Yngvar Ommundsen¹¹, Bente Wold¹², Oddrun Samdal¹², Joan L Duda¹³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
² Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
³ Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁵ Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁶ Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁷ Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
⁸ Retired, Sutton on the Forest, York, United Kingdom.
⁹ Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, SENS, Grenoble, France.
¹¹ Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
¹² Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹³ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

PMID: 36687840
PMCID: PMC9853961
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958444

Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport

Paul R Appleton et al. Front Psychol. 2023.

. 2023 Jan 6:13:958444.

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958444. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
² Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
³ Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁵ Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁶ Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁷ Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
⁸ Retired, Sutton on the Forest, York, United Kingdom.
⁹ Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, SENS, Grenoble, France.
¹¹ Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
¹² Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹³ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

PMID: 36687840
PMCID: PMC9853961
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958444

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance (across five languages, two time points, and two experimental conditions) of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach (EDMCQ-C; Appleton et al., 2016) when completed by 9256 young sport participants (M age = 11.53 years, SD = 1.39 years; 13.5% female). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of a 2-factor (empowering and disempowering) model running a multiple group analysis without any equality constraint (configural invariance) followed by measurement invariance of factor loadings and thresholds (scalar invariance). Findings provided support for partial invariance across languages and scalar invariance across time and experimental groups. The factors were interpretable across the analyses, and items loaded as intended by theory except for item 15. This study provides further evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the EDMCQ-C and suggests this scale (minus item 15) can be used to provide meaningful latent mean comparisons (Marsh et al., 2013) of empowering and disempowering coach-created climates across athletes speaking the five targeted languages, across time, and across experimental groups.

Keywords: AGT; ESEM; SDT; invariance; sport; youth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Predicted proportions of responses for non-invariant items from the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach (EDMCQ-C). NBE, empowering item; D, disempowering item. F, French; G, Greek; N, Norwegian; S, Spanish; En, English; 0, strongly disagree; 1, disagree; 2, neutral; 3, agree; 4, strongly agree.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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1. Appleton P. R., Duda J. L. (2016). Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning. Psychol. Sport Exer. 26 61–70. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.06.007 - DOI
1. Appleton P. R., Ntoumanis N., Quested E., Viladrich C., Duda J. L. (2016). Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychol. Sport Exer. 22 53–65. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.008 - DOI
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1. Bartholomew K., Ntoumanis N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 32 193–216. 10.1123/jsep.32.2.193 - DOI - PubMed

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Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport

Affiliations

Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous