Chemically diverse activity-based probes with unexpected inhibitory mechanisms targeting trypsin-like serine proteases

Abstract

Activity-based probes (ABP) are molecules that bind covalently to the active form of an enzyme family, making them an attractive tool for target and biomarker identification and drug discovery. The present study describes the synthesis and biochemical characterization of novel activity-based probes targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. We developed an extensive library of activity-based probes with "clickable" affinity tags and a diaryl phosphonate warhead. A wide diversity was achieved by including natural amino acid analogs as well as basic polar residues as side chains. A detailed enzymatic characterization was performed in a panel of trypsin-like serine proteases. Their inhibitory potencies and kinetic profile were examined, and their IC₅₀ values, mechanism of inhibition, and kinetic constants were determined. The activity-based probes with a benzyl guanidine side chain showed the highest inhibitory effects in the panel. Surprisingly, some of the high-affinity probes presented a reversible inhibitory mechanism. On the other hand, probes with different side chains exhibited the expected irreversible mechanism. For the first time, we demonstrate that not only irreversible probes but also reversible probes can tightly label recombinant proteases and proteases released from human mast cells. Even under denaturing SDS-PAGE conditions, reversible slow-tight-binding probes can label proteases due to the formation of high-affinity complexes and slow dissociation rates. This unexpected finding will transform the view on the required irreversible nature of activity-based probes. The diversity of this library of activity-based probes combined with a detailed enzyme kinetic characterization will advance their applications in proteomic studies and drug discovery.

Keywords: activity-based probe; inhibitors; irreversible inhibition; mast cells (MCs); serine protease.

FIGURE 1

Chemical structure of published biotinylated ABPs targeting trypsin-like serine proteases.

FIGURE 2

General synthesis of diaryl phosphonate alkyne probes by the Birum-Oleksyszyn reaction; (i) Lewis acid, solvent, rt, 16 h; (ii) TFA, DCM, rt, 2–5 h or HCl (4M, dioxane), rt, 2–5 h.

FIGURE 3

Synthesis of alkyne probes with Lysine as selectivity enhancing moiety (i) NaN₃, H₂O, 80°C, 18 h; (ii) DMP, DCM, 0°C to rt, 4 h; (iii) phosphite 9 or 10, carbamate 8, Lewis acid, DCM, rt, 16 h; (iv) Polymer supported triphenylphosphine, THF, rt, 72 h.

FIGURE 4

Guanylation of alkyne probes; (i) N, N′-Bis-Boc-1-Guanylpyrazole, Et₃N, DCM/CH₃CN (1:1), rt, 16 h; (ii) TFA, DCM, rt, 2–5 h or HCl (4M, dioxane), rt, 2–5 h.

FIGURE 5

Synthesis of biotin and desthiobiotin probes by click chemistry with reporter tag azide; (i) Biotin/Desthiobiotin-(PEG)₃-Azide, CuSO₄·5 H₂O, Ascorbic acid (Na salt), THF/H₂O (1:1), rt, 16 h; (ii) TFA, DCM, rt, 2–5 h or HCl (4M, dioxane), rt, 2–5 h.

FIGURE 6

Kinetic progress curves; legend concentrations in µM (A,C) and jump dilutions (B,D) of β-tryptase; (A,B) Reversible compound 52b; (C,D) Irreversible compound 56b.

FIGURE 7

Validation of newly synthesized desthiobiotin probes for detection of trypsin-like proteases. (A) Labeling and detection of recombinant proteases in a SDS-PAGE-Blot. (B) Tryptase-like activity was measured from the stimulated mast cells of two donors by a spectrophotometric assay with a fluorogenic substrate. IgE/DNP stimulated mast cells were used. The tryptase-like activity is expressed as U/L. (C) Labeling of mast cell supernatants and identification of proteases. (D) Detection of tryptase in mast cell supernatants with anti-mast cell tryptase antibody, visualized by Western blot.