Identification and Evaluation of Cryptosporidium Species from New York City Cases of Cryptosporidiosis (2015 to 2018): a Watershed Perspective

Abstract

Watersheds that supply residents with drinking water have the potential for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts. To evaluate any potential similarities between Cryptosporidium species previously found in the New York City (NYC) watershed and those causing disease in NYC, the species were identified in stool specimens from residents with cryptosporidiosis. Genetic analysis was performed on 628 positive stool samples collected from NYC residents between 2015 and 2018 to determine the species present. A total of 547 samples yielded positive results by real-time PCR. Of these samples, 512 (93.6%) were identified to the species level, with 94.7% positive for either Cryptosporidium hominis or Cryptosporidium parvum (56.4% and 38.5%, respectively), including one coinfection. Less common Cryptosporidium species identified included C. felis, C. canis, C. ubiquitum, C. meleagridis, and a Cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype. Results were evaluated and compared to species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium previously identified from stormwater collected within the NYC watershed. While there was overlap with some of the rare species found in case specimens, the prevalence and distribution of species did not suggest a connection between sources previously identified in the watershed and the species causing human cases of cryptosporidiosis in NYC residents. IMPORTANCE It is important to identify the species causing human cryptosporidiosis in a population in order to investigate possible sources or routes of contamination. Many species of Cryptosporidium are host-adapted and therefore have the potential to be tracked back to specific sources that can subsequently be managed. There has been no evidence to suggest that the water supply has ever been a source of cryptosporidiosis cases in NYC, and since 2013, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection has further reduced the risk of disease through the use of ultraviolet treatment to inactivate any Cryptosporidium present in the source water. However, as one of the largest unfiltered water supplies in the country, it is important to evaluate watershed sources for potential impacts to public health. In this unique study, species of Cryptosporidium causing disease in NYC residents were identified and compared with previously identified species from the watershed.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium; New York City; cryptosporidiosis; watershed.

FIG 1

Distribution of Cryptosporidium species from 628 stool specimens from NYC residents between 2015 and 2018. Data include one coinfection of C. hominis and C. parvum.

FIG 2

Species identified in 512 cryptosporidiosis specimens from NYC residents from 2015 to 2018.

FIG 3

Number of specimens positive by molecular methods annually and the species identified. Sequences could not be obtained for specimens designated Cryptosporidium spp., which were positive for Cryptosporidium but negative in both the C. hominis- and C. parvum-specific tests.