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Review
. 2023 May 19;35(6):267-274.
doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxad002.

The role of the microbiota in myelopoiesis during homeostasis and inflammation

Yeji Kim  1 , Nobuhiko Kamada  1   2
Affiliations
Review

The role of the microbiota in myelopoiesis during homeostasis and inflammation

Yeji Kim et al. Int Immunol. .

Abstract

The microbiota engages in the development and maintenance of the host immune system. The microbiota affects not only mucosal tissues where it localizes but also the distal organs. Myeloid cells are essential for host defense as first responders of the host immune system. Their generation, called myelopoiesis, is regulated by environmental signals, including commensal microbiota. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow can directly or indirectly sense microbiota-derived signals, thereby giving rise to myeloid cell lineages at steady-state and during inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of commensal microorganisms in the homeostatic regulation of myelopoiesis in the bone marrow. We also outline the effects of microbial signals on myelopoiesis during inflammation and infection, with a particular focus on the development of innate immune memory. Studying the relationship between the microbiota and myelopoiesis will help us understand how the microbiota regulates immune responses at a systemic level beyond the local mucosa.

Keywords: commensal microorganisms; hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; trained immunity.

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Figures

Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
The mechanisms of microbiota effects on myelopoiesis. The commensal microbiota regulates hematopoiesis, especially increasing myelopoiesis. MAMPs, cytokines and growth factors induced by microbes, as well as short-chain fatty acids produced by the microbiota induce myelopoiesis in bone marrow. Ba, basophil; BaP, basophil precursor; CLP, common lymphoid progenitor; CMP, common myeloid progenitor; DC, dendritic cell; DCP, dendritic cell precursor; Flt3L, Flt3 ligand; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; Gr, granulocyte; HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; ILC3, group 3 innate lymphoid cell; Mn, monocyte; MPP, multi-potent progenitor; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell; Neu, neutrophil; SCF, stem cell factor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; type I IFN, type I interferon.
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