Evaluation of therapeutic effects of camel milk against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by fipronil and lead acetate and their mixture

Abstract

Elevated environmental pollution of lead and fipronil is blamed for chronic toxicity. Fipronil and lead acetate are commonly used, but now no adequate data is available concerning the harmful side effects of their mixture. The present work investigated the curative effects of camel milk against lead and fipronil subchronic toxicity individually and as mixture with different doses (1/30 and 1/60 LD50) on male albino rats by oral ingestion. Rats were divided into eight groups; the first group (G1) was the normal health control. G2, G4, G6, and G8 are the normal health groups camel milk. G3 and G4 are ingested by 1/30 LD₅₀ of the fipronil formulation. G5 and G6 are ingested by 1/30 LD₅₀ of lead acetate. G7 and G8 are ingested by 1/60 LD₅₀ of lead acetate and 1/60 LD₅₀ of fipronil formulation. The lead acetate or fipronil and their mixture significantly induced destructive damage to the kidneys and liver function parameters as well as lipid profile and oxidative stress in both organs. Serum LDH activity increased under the same conditions. Most harmful effects were clearly observed in G7 followed by G3 and G5. Histological examination revealed hepatic degeneration and nephropathy in intoxicated rats relative to normal health control, as shown by hypertrophy of hepatocytes in addition to karyomegaly, binucleation, and mild individual cell coagulative and mild hypertrophy, as well as a vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium in the kidneys. Both toxicants in their mixture showed more harmful than those of their individual ones. Camel milk treatments into intoxicated animals (lead, fipronil, and mixture groups) attenuated all evaluated parameters, alleviated the harmful influences of the mixture of lead acetate and fipronil, and improved the biomarkers of their oxidative stress.

Keywords: Camel milk; Environmental pollution; Fipronil; Histological examination; Lead; Toxicity.

Fig. 1

Histopathological structure of liver tissues of male albino rats. A normal healthy control (G1). B normal healthy rats treated with camel milk (G2). C Fipronil-intoxicated control (G3). D Fipronil-intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G4). E Lead acetate-intoxicated control (G5). F Lead acetate-intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G6). G Lead + fipronil mixture intoxicated control (G7). H Lead + fipronil mixture intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G8)

Fig. 2

Histopathological structure of kidney tissues of male albino rats: A Normal healthy control (G1). B Normal healthy rats treated with camel milk (G2). C Fipronil-intoxicated control (G3). D Fipronil-intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G4). E Lead acetate-intoxicated control (G5). F Lead acetate-intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G6). G Lead + fipronil mixture intoxicated control (G7). H Lead + fipronil mixture intoxicated rats treated with camel milk (G8)