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Review
. 2023 Jan 9:13:1061136.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061136. eCollection 2022.

Olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea: An updated review

Roberto Buonaurio  1 , Leen Almadi  1 , Franco Famiani  1 , Chiaraluce Moretti  1 , Giovanni Enrico Agosteo  2 , Leonardo Schena  2
Affiliations
Review

Olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea: An updated review

Roberto Buonaurio et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Olive leaf spot (OLS) caused by Venturia oleaginea is widespread in all olive-growing areas and continents, where can cause severe yield losses. The disease is often underestimated for the difficulty to reveal early leaf symptoms and for the pathogen-induced phylloptosis, which creates the illusion of healthy and restored plants. The present review provide updated information on taxonomy, pathogen life style and cycle, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control. Application of copper-based fungicides is the main method to control OLS. However, the regulation 2009/1107 of the European Commission include these fungicides in the list of substances candidates for substitution. It is therefore urgent to find alternative control strategies especially for organic agriculture. Among new approaches/strategies for controlling OLS, promising results have been obtained using nanotechnology, endophytic microbes, and biostimulants.

Keywords: Fusicladium oleagineum; Olea europaea; Spilocaea oleagina; control; peacock’s eye disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Symptoms and signs caused by Venturia oleaginea in olive trees. (A) circular spots uniformly coloured in brown green on upper leaf surface; (B) concentric rings which are olive-green, grey, dark brown from center to periphery on upper leaf surface; (C) yellow haloes surrounding the leaf spots; (D) brown velvety spots on olive drupes; (E) green islands surrounding the leaf spots; (F) dark brown streaks on the main vein of the lower leaf surface.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Venturia oleaginea anamorphic structures. (A) One-septate oval-pyriform conidium; (B) subglobose conidiophore producing a conidium at its apex, annellations are visible at the top of conidiogenous cell; (C) conidia on an olive peltate trichome (trichome represents an entry via as well as can function as parachute to spread the disease); (D) olive leaf section showing the presence of the mycelium in the cuticular layer.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Disease cycle of olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea in olive trees. Figure drawn by Roberto Buonaurio.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Riassuntive scheme on control of olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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