. 2023 Feb 28;97(2):e0008923.

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00089-23. Epub 2023 Jan 26.

Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse

Felicia Goodrum¹, Anice C Lowen², Seema Lakdawala², James Alwine^{1

3}, Arturo Casadevall⁴, Michael J Imperiale⁵, Walter Atwood⁶, Daphne Avgousti⁷, Joel Baines⁸, Bruce Banfield⁹, Lawrence Banks¹⁰, Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh¹¹, Deepta Bhattacharya¹², Daniel Blanco-Melo⁷, David Bloom¹¹, Adrianus Boon¹³, Steeve Boulant¹¹, Curtis Brandt¹⁴, Andrew Broadbent¹⁵, Christopher Brooke¹³, Craig Cameron¹⁶, Samuel Campos¹², Patrizia Caposio¹⁷, Gary Chan¹⁸, Anna Cliffe¹⁹, John Coffin²⁰, Kathleen Collins²¹, Blossom Damania¹⁶, Matthew Daugherty²², Kari Debbink²³, James DeCaprio²⁴, Terence Dermody²⁵, Jimmy Dikeakos²⁶, Daniel DiMaio²⁷, Rhoel Dinglasan¹¹, W Paul Duprex²⁵, Rebecca Dutch²⁸, Nels Elde²⁹, Michael Emerman⁷, Lynn Enquist³⁰, Bentley Fane¹², Ana Fernandez-Sesma³¹, Michelle Flenniken³², Lori Frappier³³, Matthew Frieman¹⁵, Klaus Frueh¹⁷, Michaela Gack³⁴, Marta Gaglia¹⁴, Tom Gallagher³⁵, Denise Galloway⁷, Adolfo García-Sastre³¹, Adam Geballe⁷, Britt Glaunsinger³⁶, Stephen Goff³⁷, Alexander Greninger³⁸, Meaghan Hancock¹⁷, Eva Harris³⁶, Nicholas Heaton³⁹, Mark Heise¹⁶, Ekaterina Heldwein²⁰, Brenda Hogue⁴⁰, Stacy Horner³⁹, Edward Hutchinson⁴¹, Joseph Hyser⁴², William Jackson⁴⁰, Robert Kalejta³⁹, Jeremy Kamil⁴³, Stephanie Karst¹¹, Frank Kirchhoff⁴⁴, David Knipe²⁴, Timothy Kowalik⁴⁵, Michael Lagunoff³⁸, Laimonis Laimins⁴⁶, Ryan Langlois⁴⁷, Adam Lauring²¹, Benhur Lee³¹, David Leib⁴⁸, Shan-Lu Liu⁴⁹, Richard Longnecker⁴⁶, Carolina Lopez⁵⁰, Micah Luftig³⁹, Jennifer Lund⁷, Balaji Manicassamy⁵¹, Grant McFadden⁴⁰, Michael McIntosh¹¹, Andrew Mehle¹⁴, W Allen Miller⁵², Ian Mohr⁵³, Cary Moody¹⁶, Nathaniel Moorman¹⁶, Anne Moscona³⁷, Bryan Mounce³⁵, Joshua Munger⁵⁴, Karl Münger²⁰, Eain Murphy¹⁸, Mojgan Naghavi⁴⁶, Jay Nelson¹⁷, Christopher Neufeldt⁵⁵, Janko Nikolich¹², Christine O'Connor⁵⁶, Akira Ono²¹, Walter Orenstein⁵⁵, David Ornelles⁵⁷, Jing-Hsiung Ou⁵⁸, John Parker⁸, Colin Parrish⁸, Andrew Pekosz²³, Philip Pellett⁵⁹, Julie Pfeiffer⁶⁰, Richard Plemper⁶¹, Stephen Polyak³⁸, John Purdy¹², Dohun Pyeon⁶², Miguel Quinones-Mateu²⁶, Rolf Renne¹¹, Charles Rice⁶³, John Schoggins⁶⁰, Richard Roller⁵¹, Charles Russell⁶⁴, Rozanne Sandri-Goldin⁶⁵, Martin Sapp⁴³, Luis Schang⁸, Scott Schmid⁶⁶, Stacey Schultz-Cherry⁶⁴, Bert Semler⁶⁵, Thomas Shenk³⁰, Guido Silvestri²⁸, Viviana Simon³¹, Gregory Smith⁴⁶, Jason Smith³⁸, Katherine Spindler⁴⁷, Megan Stanifer¹¹, Kanta Subbarao⁶⁷, Wesley Sundquist²⁹, Mehul Suthar⁵⁵, Troy Sutton⁶⁸, Andrew Tai²¹, Vera Tarakanova⁶⁹, Benjamin tenOever⁵³, Scott Tibbetts¹¹, Stephen Tompkins⁷⁰, Zsolt Toth¹¹, Koenraad van Doorslaer¹², Marco Vignuzzi⁷¹, Nicholas Wallace⁷², Derek Walsh⁴⁶, Michael Weekes⁷³, Jason Weinberg²¹, Matthew Weitzman⁷⁴, Sandra Weller⁷⁵, Sean Whelan⁵⁰, Elizabeth White⁷⁴, Bryan Williams⁷⁶, Christiane Wobus²¹, Scott Wong¹⁷, Andrew Yurochko⁴³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
² Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³ Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
⁶ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
⁷ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁸ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
⁹ Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy.
¹¹ University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
¹² University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
¹³ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
¹⁴ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
¹⁵ University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
¹⁶ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁷ Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
¹⁸ SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
¹⁹ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
²⁰ Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²³ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
²⁷ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁸ University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
²⁹ University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
³⁰ Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
³¹ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
³² Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
³³ University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA.
³⁵ Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
³⁶ University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
³⁷ Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
³⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
³⁹ Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁴⁰ Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
⁴¹ MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁴² Baylor University, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁴³ Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
⁴⁴ Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁴⁵ University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁷ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
⁴⁸ Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
⁴⁹ The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁵⁰ Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁵¹ University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
⁵² Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
⁵³ New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁵⁴ University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
⁵⁵ Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁵⁶ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁵⁷ Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁵⁸ University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁵⁹ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
⁶⁰ University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁶¹ Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁶² Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁶³ The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
⁶⁴ St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
⁶⁵ University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
⁶⁶ University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
⁶⁷ The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁸ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁹ Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
⁷⁰ University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁷¹ A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore.
⁷² Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
⁷³ University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁷⁴ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁵ University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁶ Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 36700640
PMCID: PMC9972907
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00089-23

Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse

Felicia Goodrum et al. J Virol. 2023.

. 2023 Feb 28;97(2):e0008923.

doi: 10.1128/jvi.00089-23. Epub 2023 Jan 26.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
² Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³ Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
⁶ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
⁷ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁸ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
⁹ Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy.
¹¹ University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
¹² University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
¹³ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
¹⁴ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
¹⁵ University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
¹⁶ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁷ Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
¹⁸ SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
¹⁹ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
²⁰ Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²¹ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²³ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
²⁵ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁶ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
²⁷ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁸ University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
²⁹ University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
³⁰ Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
³¹ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
³² Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
³³ University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³⁴ Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA.
³⁵ Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
³⁶ University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
³⁷ Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
³⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
³⁹ Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
⁴⁰ Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
⁴¹ MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁴² Baylor University, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁴³ Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
⁴⁴ Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁴⁵ University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁷ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
⁴⁸ Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
⁴⁹ The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁵⁰ Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁵¹ University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
⁵² Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
⁵³ New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁵⁴ University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
⁵⁵ Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁵⁶ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁵⁷ Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁵⁸ University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁵⁹ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
⁶⁰ University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁶¹ Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁶² Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
⁶³ The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
⁶⁴ St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
⁶⁵ University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
⁶⁶ University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
⁶⁷ The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁸ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶⁹ Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
⁷⁰ University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁷¹ A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore.
⁷² Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
⁷³ University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁷⁴ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁷⁵ University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁶ Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 36700640
PMCID: PMC9972907
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00089-23

Abstract

Viruses have brought humanity many challenges: respiratory infection, cancer, neurological impairment and immunosuppression to name a few. Virology research over the last 60+ years has responded to reduce this disease burden with vaccines and antivirals. Despite this long history, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented attention to the field of virology. Some of this attention is focused on concern about the safe conduct of research with human pathogens. A small but vocal group of individuals has seized upon these concerns - conflating legitimate questions about safely conducting virus-related research with uncertainties over the origins of SARS-CoV-2. The result has fueled public confusion and, in many instances, ill-informed condemnation of virology. With this article, we seek to promote a return to rational discourse. We explain the use of gain-of-function approaches in science, discuss the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2 and outline current regulatory structures that provide oversight for virological research in the United States. By offering our expertise, we - a broad group of working virologists - seek to aid policy makers in navigating these controversial issues. Balanced, evidence-based discourse is essential to addressing public concern while maintaining and expanding much-needed research in virology.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; DURC; Gain of function; SARS-CoV-2; biosafety; influenza; pandemic; vaccines; zoonosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare a conflict of interest. Sana Biotechnology has licensed intellectual property of D.B. and Washington University in St. Louis. Gilead Sciences has licensed intellectual property of D.B. and Stanford University. D.B. is a co-founder of Clade Therapeutics. D.B. previously served on an advisory panel for GlaxoSmithKline. D.B. and The University of Arizona hold a patent on SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. K.C. is a special government employee and a member of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Committee. T.S.D.: Board of Directors, Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Editor, Annual Review of Virology. D.D. is on the scientific advisory board of Theriva. W.P.D. receives support from Moderna. M. F. receives funding from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Gates Foundation, Aikido Pharma, Emergent, Astrazeneca, Novavax, Regeneron, and the CDC, outside the submitted work. M. F. received royalties/licenses from Aikido Pharma for antiviral drug patent licensing, consulting fees from Aikido Pharma, Observatory Group, for consulting for COVID-19, and participation on Scientific Advisory Board for Aikido Pharma, outside the submitted work. K.F. has substantial financial interest in Vir Biotechnology, Inc., and is a co-founder of the company. K.F. is co-inventor of patents licensed to Vir and receives compensation for consulting for Vir. The potential conflicts of interest have been reviewed and managed by OHSU. D.G. is on the HPV Global Advisory Board for Merck. The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from GSK, Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines, Atea Pharma, Applied Biological Laboratories and Merck. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock: Castlevax, Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Farmak, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Synairgen and Pfizer. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events organized by Seqirus, Janssen, Abbott and Astrazeneca. A.G.-S. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. B.A.G. is on the scientific advisory board for IMUNON. A.L.G. reports central testing contracts from Pfizer, Janssen, Novavax, Sanofi, Abbott, Hologic, Cepheid, and Quidel, and research support from Gilead. E.E.H. is co-founder of Thyreos Inc. E.C.H. has carried out research work in collaboration with AstraZeneca and received honoraria for consultancy work for the Center for Open Science and Seqirus. M.J.I. consults for Gilead Sciences and Via Nova Therapeutics. D.M.K. is a consultant, Replay Bio. T.K. receives funding from Moderna related to CMV. A.S.L. is a paid member of steering committee for clinical trial of baloxavir (Roche). A.C.L. is an inventor on the patent Influenza Vaccines and Uses Thereof, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. G.M. is co-founder of a biotech company devoted to oncolytic virotherapy. W.A.M. is co-inventor of a pending patent application on improved mRNA vaccines. A. Moscona is scientific founder of Thylacine Biotherapeutics, a startup company for antiviral therapeutics. J.A.N., Vir Biotechnology. W.A.O., uncompensated member, Moderna Scientific Advisory Board. D.A.O., Defense Threat Reduction Agency. L.M.S. is a virologist performing research on potential antivirals. L.M.S. is the president-elect of the International Society for Antiviral Research, the membership of which includes people working in companies working on antivirals. L.M.S. has performed paid and non-paid consultantships with private companies developing antivirals or virucidals. L.M.S. is a founder member of a start-up company that had an interest in antivirals. L.M.S. has received funding to work on antivirals. S.S. is Contract Consultant for Curevo Vaccines. J.W.S. consults for the Federal Trade Commission on matters related to COVID-19. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays which list V.S. as co-inventor. G.A.S. is President of Thyreos, Inc. M.S.S. serves an advisory role with Moderna and Ocugen. S.K.W. is co-founder of startup Quercus Molecular Design. C.M.R.: Founder, Apath LLC; Advisor, SAB, and Research Support, Vir Biotechnology; Research support, GSK; SAB Invisishield; SAB Arbutus. C.R.B. is consultant for Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD) located in Madison, WI, and a collaborator with Amebagone a small biotech company in Madison, Wisconsin. C.R.B. has no financial interest in Amebagone and is not owner or part owner of OSOD. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**FIG 1**
Federal and institutional regulations. A brief breakdown of current U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations on microbiology research and the implementation of federal requirements by individual institutions, through various committees and processes. Important additional oversight that is not shown includes that provided by occupational health services to ensure safety of research personnel, and federal and institutional regulation of research involving vertebrate animals or human subjects, which are overseen by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC; animal research) and Institutional Review Boards (IRB; human subjects research).

**FIG 2**
Current regulations surrounding funding, monitoring and approval of gain-of-function research of concern. A flow chart describing the steps a principal investigator must follow prior to receiving funding or initiating research considered dual-use-research-of-concern (DURC) on pathogens of pandemic potential (P3). The blue shaded box corresponds to the general practices that all investigators carry out at the institutional level described in Fig. 1. Research with the potential to enhance the properties of pathogen is referred for additional oversight. Asterisks (*) indicate an iterative process typically involving 1–3 reviews and revisions.

**FIG 3**
Publishing process for articles involving gain-of-function research-of-concern or with pathogens of pandemic potential at ASM journals. Articles in the GOF/DURC/P3 category are flagged by multiple layers at the screening stage. This process will initiate discussion among the scientific editor in chief and other subject matter experts and lead to a publication decision after careful consideration of risks and benefits.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse".
Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, … See abstract for full author list ➔ Speck P, et al. J Virol. 2023 May 31;97(5):e0045123. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00451-23. Epub 2023 Apr 25. J Virol. 2023. PMID: 37097023 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse".
Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, … See abstract for full author list ➔ Speck P, et al. mBio. 2023 Jun 27;14(3):e0081523. doi: 10.1128/mbio.00815-23. Epub 2023 Apr 25. mBio. 2023. PMID: 37097032 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

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Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse

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Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse

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