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. 2023 Jan 26;23(1):92.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-10552-8.

Global burden of prostate cancer attributable to smoking among males in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

Hanfei Zhang #  1   2 , Dingping Huang #  3 , Yingfeng Zhang  1 , Xia Wang  4 , Jiangtao Wu  5 , Daqing Hong  6   7   8
Affiliations

Global burden of prostate cancer attributable to smoking among males in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

Hanfei Zhang et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Introduction: Understanding the latest global spatio-temporal pattern of prostate cancer burden attributable to smoking can help guide effective global health policy. This study aims to elucidate the trends in smoking-related prostate cancer from 1990 to 2019 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study data.

Methods: Data on prostate cancer attributable to smoking were extracted from Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. The numbers and age-standardized rates on smoking-related prostate cancer mortality (ASMR) and disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) were analyzed by year, age, region, country, and socio-demographic index (SDI) level. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to evaluate the temporal trends of ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.

Results: Of all prostate cancer deaths and DALYs globally in 2019, 6% and 6.6% were attributable to smoking, which contributed to 29,298 (95% CI 12,789 to 46,609) deaths and 571,590 (95% CI 253,490 to 917,820) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019. The number of smoking-related deaths and DALYs showed an upward trend, increasing by half from 1990 to 2019, while ASMR and ASDR declined in five sociodemographic indexes (SDI) regions, with the fastest decline in high SDI regions. For geographical regions, Western Europe and East Asia were the high-risk areas of prostate cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to smoking, among which China and the United States were the countries with the heaviest burden. The ASMR has decreased in all age groups, with the fastest decrease occurring in 75-79 years old. The ASMR or ASDR tended to increase in countries with the lowest SDI, but declined in countries with the highest SDI. The EAPC in ASMR or ASDR was highly negatively correlated with Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019, with coefficients 0.46.

Conclusion: The number of smoking-related prostate cancer deaths and DALYs continued to increase globally, whereas its ASMR and ASDR have been decreasing. This substantial progress is particularly significant in developed regions and vary across geographic regions. Medical strategies to prevent and reduce the burden should be adjusted and implemented based on country-specific disease prevalence.

Keywords: Burden of disease; Disability-adjusted life-years; GBD study; Mortality; Prostate cancer; Smoking.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The proportion of prostate cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to smoking globally and in 21 GBD regions in 1990 and 2019. Footnote: DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years; GBD, Global Burden of Disease Study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Number and rate of prostate cancer deaths (A) and DALYs (B) attributable to smoking among males from 1990 to 2019 by SDI level. Footnote: The bars represent the number of prostate cancer deaths (A) and DALYs (B) attributable to smoking colored by SDI level. The line represents the mean ASMR (A) and ASDR (B) [per 100,000] attributable to smoking at the Global level. The shaded area represents the 95% UI for the mean rate. ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; UI, uncertainty interval; SDI, socio-demographic index
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The spatial distribution of prostate cancer ASMR (A) and ASDR (B) attributable to smoking in 2019, and the EAPC in prostate cancer ASMR (C) and ASDR (D) attributable to smoking. Footnote: ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Number and rate of prostate cancer deaths (A) and DALYs (B) attributable to smoking among males by age group and SDI level in 2019. Footnote: The bars represent the number of prostate cancer deaths (A) and DALYs (B) attributable to smoking colored by SDI level. The line represents the mean ASMR (A) and ASDR (B) [per 100,000] attributable to smoking at the Global level. The shaded area represents the 95% UI for the mean rate. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; UI, uncertainty interval; SDI, socio-demographic index
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Annual percentage change in mortality (A) and DALYs rate (B) between 1990 and 2019 by age group and region. Footnote: EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; SDI, sociodemographic index; DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The correlation between smoking attributable prostate cancer in ASMR or ASDR and SDI globally and 21 GBD regions from 1990 to 2019. Footnote: ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; GBD, Global Burden of Disease Study
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The correlation between EAPC in ASMR and HDI in 2019. Footnote: ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; HDI, human development index
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