Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation

Risk Factors for Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant among Previously Infected Frontline Workers

Katherine D Ellingson et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023 Mar.

Abstract

In a cohort of essential workers in the United States previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for reinfection included being unvaccinated, infrequent mask use, time since first infection, and being non-Hispanic Black. Protecting workers from reinfection requires a multipronged approach including up-to-date vaccination, mask use as recommended, and reduction in underlying health disparities.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; United States; coronaviruses; frontline workers; mRNA vaccines; omicron variant; reinfection; respiratory infection; risk factors; vaccine effectiveness; viruses; zoonoses.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure
Figure
Sample inclusion criteria and site-specific study timeline for risk factor analyses for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant among previously infected frontline workers, United States.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Michaels D, Wagner GR. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and worker safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020;324:1389–90. 10.1001/jama.2020.16343 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, et al. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science. 2022;376:eabn4947. 10.1126/science.abn4947 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Hasan MR, Ayoub HH, Qassim S, AlMukdad S, et al. Protection against the Omicron variant from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1288–90. 10.1056/NEJMc2200133 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hall VG, Al-Alahmadi G, Solera JT, Marinelli T, Cardinal H, Prasad GVR, et al. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated compared with vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients: a propensity matched cohort study. Transplantation. 2022;106:1622–8. 10.1097/TP.0000000000004178 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study. Lancet. 2021;397:1204–12. 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00575-4 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Supplementary concepts