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. 2023 Jan 20:10:20543581221150675.
doi: 10.1177/20543581221150675. eCollection 2023.

Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in Quebec: A Qualitative Case Study of Health System Barriers and Facilitators

Affiliations

Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in Quebec: A Qualitative Case Study of Health System Barriers and Facilitators

Anna Horton et al. Can J Kidney Health Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Patients with kidney failure represent a major public health burden, and living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the best treatment option for these patients. Current work to optimize LDKT delivery to patients has focused on microlevel interventions and has not addressed interdependencies with meso and macro levels of practice.

Objective: We aimed to learn from a health system with historically low LDKT performance to identify facilitators and barriers to LDKT. Our specific aims were to understand how LDKT delivery is organized through interacting macro, meso, and micro levels of practice and identify what attributes and processes of this health system facilitate the delivery of LDKT to patients with kidney failure and what creates barriers.

Design: We conducted a qualitative case study, applying a complex adaptive systems approach to LDKT delivery, that recognizes health systems as being made up of dynamic, nested, and interconnected levels, with the patient at its core.

Setting: The setting for this case study was the province of Quebec, Canada.

Participants: Thirty-two key stakeholders from all levels of the health system. This included health care professionals, leaders in LDKT governance, living kidney donors, and kidney recipients.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews with 32 key stakeholders and a document review were undertaken between February 2021 and December 2021. Inductive thematic analysis was used to generate themes.

Results: Overall, we identified strong links between system attributes and processes and LDKT delivery, and more barriers than facilitators were discerned. Barriers that undermined access to LDKT included fragmented LDKT governance and expertise, disconnected care practices, limited resources, and regional inequities. Some were mitigated to an extent by the intervention of a program launched in 2018 to increase LDKT. Facilitators driven by the program included advocacy for LDKT from individual member(s) of the care team, dedicated resources, increased collaboration, and training opportunities that targeted LDKT delivery at multiple levels of practice.

Limitations: Delineating the borders of a "case" is a challenge in case study research, and it is possible that some perspectives may have been missed. Participants may have produced socially desirable answers.

Conclusions: Our study systematically investigated real-world practices as they operate throughout a health system. This novel approach has cross-disciplinary methodological relevance, and our findings have policy implications that can help inform multilevel interventions to improve LDKT.

Contexte: Les patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale représentent un lourd fardeau pour la santé publique, et la transplantation rénale provenant d’un donneur vivant (TRDV) est la meilleure option de traitement pour ces patients. Les travaux actuels visant à optimiser la TRDV chez les patients ont été limités à des interventions de niveau micro et n’ont pas abordé les interdépendances avec les niveaux méso et macro de la pratique.

Objectifs: Notre objectif était d’apprendre d’un système de santé présentant un taux historiquement bas de TRDV pour arriver à déterminer les facteurs qui constituent un facilitateur ou un frein à la TRDV. Plus précisément, nous souhaitions, par le biais d’interactions entre les niveaux macro, méso et micro de la pratique, comprendre la façon dont la TRDV est organisée. Nous souhaitions également déterminer quels attributs et processus du système de santé constituent des facilitateurs ou des freins à la TRDV pour les patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale.

Conception: Nous avons appliqué une approche de systèmes adaptatifs complexes à la TRDV pour mener une étude de cas qualitative qui reconnaît que les systèmes de santé sont constitués de niveaux dynamiques, imbriqués et interconnectés, où le patient est au cœur des interventions.

Cadre: Cette étude de cas avait pour cadre la province de Québec (Canada).

Participants: 32 intervenants clés de tous les niveaux du système de santé, notamment des professionnels de la santé, des leaders impliqués dans la gestion de la TRDV, des donneurs vivants d’un rein et des receveurs de rein.

Méthodologie: Des entrevues semi-structurées avec 32 intervenants clés et un examen des documents ont été entrepris entre février 2021 et décembre 2021. L’analyse thématique inductive a servi à générer les thèmes.

Résultats: De façon générale, nous avons constaté qu’il existait des liens solides entre la TRDV et les attributs et processus du système, et que les obstacles étaient plus nombreux que les facilitateurs. Les obstacles freinant l’accès à la TRDV comprenaient la gouvernance et l’expertise fragmentées en lien avec la TRDV, les pratiques de soins déconnectées, les ressources limitées et les inégalités régionales. Certains de ces obstacles ont été atténués dans une certaine mesure par l’intervention d’un programme lancé en 2018 pour accroître la TRDV. Les facilitateurs soutenus par le programme comprenaient la promotion de la TRDV par des membres individuels de l’équipe de soins, la disponibilité de ressources dédiées, une collaboration accrue et les possibilités de formation ciblant la TRDV à plusieurs niveaux de pratique.

Limites: La délimitation des frontières de ce que constitue un « cas » est un défi dans la recherche d’études de cas; il est ainsi possible que certaines perspectives aient été manquées. Les participants pourraient avoir donné des réponses socialement souhaitables.

Conclusion: Notre étude a examiné systématiquement les pratiques en contexte réel, tel qu’elles fonctionnent dans l’ensemble d’un système de santé. Cette nouvelle approche présente une pertinence méthodologique interdisciplinaire et nos conclusions ont des implications politiques qui pourraient aider à orienter des interventions à plusieurs niveaux pour améliorer la TRDV.

Keywords: barriers; complex adaptive systems; health services; living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT); organizational research.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: S.S. has received an education grant from Amgen Canada. M.R.P. is the director of the Quebec Living Kidney Donor Program and medical advisor for the Canadian Blood Services. P.C. is the medical director of Transplant Quebec. The rest of the authors have no disclosures.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The case: The health system that delivers living donor kidney transplantation to patients in Quebec is envisioned as a complex adaptive system with entities within each level. Source. Adapted from the 4-level model proposed by the National Academy of Engineering (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Engineering and the Health Care System.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
The typical trajectory of a patient with kidney disease and organization of health service delivery in Quebec. Note. ODO = organ donation organization.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Barriers and facilitators: health system barriers (spiked circles) and facilitators (smooth circles) to living donor kidney transplantation in a low-performing health system in Canada. Note. Different sizes reflect a lack of balance, with barriers strongly outweighing facilitators. LDKT = living donor kidney transplantation.

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