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Review
. 2023 Jan 10:9:1041481.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1041481. eCollection 2022.

Extracellular vesicles: Targeting the heart

Xin Yin  1   2   3 , Li-Hong Jiang  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular vesicles: Targeting the heart

Xin Yin et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases rank the highest incidence and mortality worldwide. As the most common type of cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have revealed that extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, show great potential as a promising cell-free therapy for the treatment of myocardial infarction. However, low heart-targeting efficiency and short plasma half-life have hampered the clinical translation of extracellular vesicle therapy. Currently, four major types of strategies aiming at enhancing target efficiency have been developed, including modifying EV surface, suppressing non-target absorption, increasing the uptake efficiency of target cells, and utilizing a hydrogel patch. This presented review summarizes the current research aimed at EV heart targeting and discusses the challenges and opportunities in EV therapy, which will be beneficial for the development of effective heart-targeting strategies.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases; exosome (vesicle); extracellular vesicles; myocardial infarction; target delivery.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Strategies for enhancing extracellular vesicle (EV) heart-targeting efficiency. (1) EV surface modification; (2) suppressing EV non-target absorption; (3) increasing the uptake efficiency of target cells; (4) hydrogel patch. This figure contains modified images from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com) licensed by a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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