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. 2023 Jan 10:9:1052818.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1052818. eCollection 2022.

Dragon fruit-kiwi fermented beverage: In vitro digestion, untargeted metabolome analysis and anti-aging activity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Zizhong Tang  1 , Zhiqiao Zhao  1 , Siyi Chen  1 , Wenjie Lin  1 , Qing Wang  1 , Nayu Shen  1 , Yihan Qin  1 , Yirong Xiao  2 , Hong Chen  3 , Hui Chen  1 , Tongliang Bu  1 , Qingfeng Li  1 , Huipeng Yao  1 , Ming Yuan  1
Affiliations

Dragon fruit-kiwi fermented beverage: In vitro digestion, untargeted metabolome analysis and anti-aging activity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Zizhong Tang et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

The research on the development of dragon fruit and kiwi fruit through LAB-yeast compound fermentation is very limited, and there are few related fermentation products on the market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of the antioxidant capacity of fermented beverages (FB) through in vitro simulated digestion, to evaluate the changes in metabolites of juice after fermentation through untargeted metabolomics, and used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to evaluate its anti-aging activity. The results showed that FB not only has good in vitro antioxidant activity, but also the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ABTS scavenging ability, and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of FB were significantly increased during gastric digestion and intestinal digestion. Metabolomics showed that the contents of phenols and flavonoids related to antioxidant increased after fermentation, and fermentation had a significant effect on organic acids and amino acids in FB. Finally, compared with the control group, although the original concentration of FB has a side-toxic effect on nematodes, the mean lifespan of C. elegans fed with 1.56% FB increased by 18.01%, SOD activity significantly increased by 96.16% and MDA content significantly decreased by 40.62%. FB has good antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo, and the antioxidant activity is stable during the simulated digestion process.

Keywords: C. elegans; antioxidant activity; fermented beverage; in vitro digestion; untargeted metabolomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion on TPC and TFC. (A) The effect of in vitro gastric digestion on TPC, (B) the effect of in vitro gastric digestion on TFC, (C) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on TPC, and (D) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on TFC. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05), and the same characters are not significantly different.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion on antioxidant activity. (A) The effect of in vitro gastric digestion on DPPH radical-scavenging activity, (B) the effect of in vitro gastric digestion on ABTS radical-scavenging activity, (C) the effect of in vitro gastric digestion on Fe3+ reducing power, (D) the effect of in vitro gastric digestion on Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, (E) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on DPPH radical-scavenging activity, (F) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on ABTS radical-scavenging activity, (G) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on Fe3+ reducing power, and (H) the effect of in vitro intestinal digestion on Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
The PLS-DA. The abscissa is the score of the sample on the first principal component; the ordinate is the score of the sample on the second principal component; R2Y represents the interpretation rate of the model, and Q2Y is used to evaluate the predictive ability of the PLS-DA model, and when R2Y is greater than Q2Y Indicates that the model is well established.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
The volcano plot of the different metabolites in different samples. The abscissa represents the fold change of metabolites in different groups (log2 Fold Change), the ordinate represents the significant level of difference (-log10p-value), and each point in the volcano map represents a metabolite.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
The metabolites heatmap between the DKc group and DKs group. The threshold was set as VIP > 1.0, FC > 1.5 or FC < 0.667, and P-value < 0.05. Up expression and down expression are presented in red and blue, respectively.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
The Kegg pathway that the significant different metabolites take part in between the DKc group and DKs group. The abscissa is x/y (the number of differential metabolites in the corresponding metabolic pathway/the total number of metabolites identified in the pathway). The larger the value, the higher the enrichment of differential metabolites in the pathway. The color of the dot represents the p-value of the hypergeometric test. The smaller the value, the greater the reliability of the test and the more statistically significant. The size of the dot represents the number of different metabolites in the corresponding pathway. The larger the dot, the more differential metabolites in the pathway.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
The effects of FB on the lifespan of C. elegans.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Effect of FB on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. (A) SOD activity and (B) MDA content. Differences compared to the control group were considered significant at **p < 0.01.
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