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Meta-Analysis
. 2023 Jan 27;18(1):e0274248.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274248. eCollection 2023.

Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Samira Raoofi  1   2 , Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan  3 , Sima Rafiei  4 , Zahra Hosseinipalangi  3 , Zahra Noorani Mejareh  5 , Saghar Khani  5 , Bahare Abdollahi  5 , Fatemeh Seyghalani Talab  6 , Mohaddeseh Sanaei  3 , Farnaz Zarabi  7 , Yasamin Dolati  3 , Niloofar Ahmadi  3 , Neda Raoofi  8 , Yasamin Sarhadi  3 , Maryam Masoumi  9 , Batool Sadat Hosseini  7 , Negin Vali  10 , Negin Gholamali  3 , Saba Asadi  11 , Saba Ahmadi  3 , Behrooz Ahmadi  12 , Zahra Beiramy Chomalu  3 , Elnaz Asadollahi  2 , Mona Rajabi  6 , Dorsa Gharagozloo  13 , Zahra Nejatifar  6 , Rana Soheylirad  6 , Shabnam Jalali  5 , Farnaz Aghajani  3 , Mobina Navidriahy  3 , Sama Deylami  3 , Mahmoud Nasiri  14 , Mahsa Zareei  2 , Zahra Golmohammadi  2 , Hamideh Shabani  2 , Fatemeh Torabi  2 , Hosein Shabaninejad  15 , Ali Nemati  2 , Mohammad Amerzadeh  4 , Aidin Aryankhesal  16 , Ahmad Ghashghaee  17
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Samira Raoofi et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Objectives: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are significant problems as public health issues which need attention. Such infections are significant problems for society and healthcare organizations. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review and a meta-analysis to analyze the prevalence of HAIs globally.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science between 2000 and June 2021. We found 7031 articles. After removing the duplicates, 5430 studies were screened based on the titles/ abstracts. Then, we systematically evaluated the full texts of the 1909 remaining studies and selected 400 records with 29,159,630 participants for meta-analysis. Random-effects model was used for the analysis, and heterogeneity analysis and publication bias test were conducted.

Results: The rate of universal HAIs was 0.14 percent. The rate of HAIs is increasing by 0.06 percent annually. The highest rate of HAIs was in the AFR, while the lowest prevalence were in AMR and WPR. Besides, AFR prevalence in central Africa is higher than in other parts of the world by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.22-0.34). Besides, E. coli infected patients more than other micro-organisms such as Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In hospital wards, Transplant, and Neonatal wards and ICU had the highest rates. The prevalence of HAIs was higher in men than in women.

Conclusion: We identified several essential details about the rate of HAIs in various parts of the world. The HAIs rate and the most common micro-organism were different in various contexts. However, several essential gaps were also identified. The study findings can help hospital managers and health policy makers identify the reason for HAIs and apply effective control programs to implement different plans to reduce the HAIs rate and the financial costs of such infections and save resources.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Flow diagram of our review process (PRISMA).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Meta-regression based on year of publication and sample size.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Distribution of the global prevalence of nosocomial infection in patients based on countries, 2000–2021.
Map created with PhotoshopCC, using political borders.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Meta-regression based on age and length of saty.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Funnel plot of publication bias.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

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