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. 2023 Dec;30(1):2173337.
doi: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2173337.

Tailoring and optimization of a honey-based nanoemulgel loaded with an itraconazole-thyme oil nanoemulsion for oral candidiasis

Amal M Sindi  1 , Waleed Y Rizg  2 , Muhammad Khalid Khan  3 , Hala M Alkhalidi  4 , Waleed S Alharbi  2 , Fahad Y Sabei  5 , Eman Alfayez  6 , Hanaa Alkharobi  6 , Mohammed Korayem  7 , Mohammed Majrashi  8 , Majed Alharbi  9 , Mohammed Alissa  10 , Awaji Y Safhi  5 , Abdulmajeed M Jali  11 , Khaled M Hosny  2
Affiliations

Tailoring and optimization of a honey-based nanoemulgel loaded with an itraconazole-thyme oil nanoemulsion for oral candidiasis

Amal M Sindi et al. Drug Deliv. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

The use of essential oil-based nanoemulsions (NEs) has been the subject of extensive research on a variety of conditions affecting the oral cavity. NEs are delivery methods that improve the solubility and distribution of lipid medicines to the intended areas. Because of their antibacterial and antifungal properties, itraconazole and thyme oil-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS) were created to protect oral health against oral microorganisms. The ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS were created utilizing an extreme verices mixture design, and varying concentrations of ThO (10% and 25%), labrasol (40% and 70%), and transcutol (20% and 40%) were used. The ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS had droplet sizes of less than 250 nm, a drug-loading efficiency of up to 64%, and a fungal growth inhibition zone of up to 20 mm. The accepted design was used to obtain the ideal formulation, which contained ThO in the amount of 0.18 g/ml, labrasol 0.62 g/ml, and transcutol 0.2 g/ml. The best ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS formulation was incorporated into a honey-based gel, which demonstrated improved release of ItZ in vitro and improved transbuccal permeation ex vivo. In addition, when compared with various formulations tested in rats, the optimized loaded emulgel decreased the ulcer index. This study therefore demonstrated that the ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS could offer an effective defense against oral diseases caused by microbial infections.

Keywords: Honey-based gel; Itraconazole; Sustainability of natural resources; design of experiments; oral microbiota; thyme oil.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Solubilization properties of ItZ in various surfactants.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Solubilization properties of ItZ in various co-surfactants.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The pseudoternary phase plot of labrasol, transcutol, and thyme EO.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
The impacts of various independent factors on the droplet size of various ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS are depicted in (A) a perturbation plot, (B) a contour plot, and (C) a 3D surface plot.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
The impacts of various factors on the drug loading of various ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS are depicted in the (A) perturbation, (B) contour, and (C) 3D surface plots.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
The impacts of various factors on the fungal growth inhibition zones of various ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS are depicted in the (A) perturbation, (B) contour, and (C) 3D surface plots.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Bar chart and desirability ramp for process optimization. The levels of the parameters that were studied and the predicted estimations for the dependent variables of the optimal formulation.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
ItZ in-vitro release characteristics of the formulations.
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