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. 2023 Jan 28;13(1):1589.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28812-9.

The high-dimensional geographic dataset revealed significant differences in the migration ability of cadmium from various sources in paddy fields

Feng Wang #  1   2 , Yanqiu Zhang #  1   3 , Ting Wu  4 , Lina Wu  1 , Guoliang Shi  2 , Yi An  5
Affiliations

The high-dimensional geographic dataset revealed significant differences in the migration ability of cadmium from various sources in paddy fields

Feng Wang et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy fields and its subsequent transfer in soil-rice systems are of particular concern. Significant discrepancies exist in the transfer process of Cd pollution sources from soil to rice. Here, we proposed a novel hybrid framework to reveal the priority of controlling Cd pollution sources in soil-rice systems, based on a high-dimensional geographical database. We further defined transfer potential (TP) to describe the ability of Cd from soil to rice (TPr = Cdr/Cds) and activated status (TPa = Cda/Cds), respectively, to reveal the priority sources of Cd pollution at the regional scale. The mining source has both high levels of TPr and TPa, which should be a controlled priority. Followed by traffic sources with a higher value of TPr, showing the risk to rice rather than the soil. The activated and enriched capacities of soil Cd are unequal in different sources that we attribute to the disparities of Cd transport in soil-rice systems. Cd contamination shows a significant spatial heterogeneity due to the difference in its transport performance. Our findings provide support for designing site-specific and pollution-targeted control priorities for suitable Cd pollution mitigation strategies at the regional scale.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Spatial distribution of monitoring sites in the study area. Pictures were generated by ArcGIS software 10.3; ArcGIS Online.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The high-dimensional geographical database.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Workflow of the proposed hybrid framework for revealing the Cd pollution sources for priority control in soil–rice systems factors.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The cadmium contents in soil and rice in the study area. The pie chart showed the exceeding standard rates of cadmium in soil and rice, respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The results of PCA, (a) the component matrix of the most important five principal components, (b) the contribution ratios for different sources, and (c) the mean and range of the contribution ratios of different sources.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The priority of different sources on cadmium control.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The distribution characteristics of Cd source contribution ratios in different towns, (a) soil cadmium; (b) activated cadmium; (c) rice cadmium.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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