Prosociality and health: Identification with all humanity is a replicable predictor of prosocial motivation for health behaviors

Abstract

The acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic may have passed, but the pandemic remains a major worldwide health concern that demands continued vigilance. Are there individual differences that predict the motivation to continue to wear masks and to create physical distance in public? Previous research conducted early in the pandemic had suggested that a particular social identity-identification with all humanity-is one underlying factor that contributes to people's cooperation with health behavior guidelines. This highlights that the pandemic is not only an issue to be tackled with the tools of immunology and epidemiology. It also requires the tools from psychology-to measure the representations people have about themselves and others and how these representations drive values and decisions related to health. Here we report work on U.S. respondents that examined whether individuals' level of identification with all humanity predicts their prosocial health behaviors aimed at mitigating the spread of COVID-19. In 3 convergent studies (total N = 1,580), we find that identification with all humanity predicted the prosocial motivation to wear masks and to engage in physical distancing when in public without a mask. The results were obtained while controlling for a host of covariates, including demographics, educational attainment, and Big Five personality dimensions. We find that some people have a marked drive to care for the health of strangers, which is significantly linked to their concern for all humanity rather than being restricted to their care for their community or country. Discussion focuses on this social identification with humanity and its enduring, replicable role in predicting the motivation to engage in prosocial health behaviors. We note key implications for theories in social and developmental psychology as well as for research that may lead to practical applications for lessening the human toll of the current and future pandemics.

Keywords: COVID-19; identification with all humanity; ingroups; mask-wearing; physical distancing; prosociality; social cognition; social interaction.

Figure 1

Mean effect sizes (estimated Cohen’s d) of predictor variables for prosocial health behaviors across three studies. The predictors are grouped into five classes (indicated by color): demographics (grey), high risk (orange), conservativism (brown), Big 5 personality dimensions (green), identification with community, nation, and all humanity (blue). See main text for definitions of each variable. Positive values indicate that the predictor is associated with a higher score for the prosocial health behavior outcome measure. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean effect size.