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Review
. 2023 Jan 13:14:1094249.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1094249. eCollection 2023.

"iPSC-derived liver organoids and inherited bleeding disorders: Potential and future perspectives"

Giacomo Roman  1   2   3 , Benedicte Stavik  1   2 , Knut H Lauritzen  1   2   3 , Per Morten Sandset  1   2   3 , Sean P Harrison  4 , Gareth J Sullivan  4   5 , Maria Eugenia Chollet  1   2
Affiliations
Review

"iPSC-derived liver organoids and inherited bleeding disorders: Potential and future perspectives"

Giacomo Roman et al. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

The bleeding phenotype of hereditary coagulation disorders is caused by the low or undetectable activity of the proteins involved in hemostasis, due to a broad spectrum of genetic alterations. Most of the affected coagulation factors are produced in the liver. Therefore, two-dimensional (2D) cultures of primary human hepatocytes and recombinant overexpression of the factors in non-human cell lines have been primarily used to mimic disease pathogenesis and as a model for innovative therapeutic strategies. However, neither human nor animal cells fully represent the hepatocellular biology and do not harbor the exact genetic background of the patient. As a result, the inability of the current in vitro models in recapitulating the in vivo situation has limited the studies of these inherited coagulation disorders. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) technology offers a possible solution to overcome these limitations by reprogramming patient somatic cells into an embryonic-like pluripotent state, thus giving the possibility of generating an unlimited number of liver cells needed for modeling or therapeutic purposes. By combining this potential and the recent advances in the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, it allows for the generation of autologous and gene corrected liver cells in the form of three-dimensional (3D) liver organoids. The organoids recapitulate cellular composition and organization of the liver, providing a more physiological model to study the biology of coagulation proteins and modeling hereditary coagulation disorders. This advanced methodology can pave the way for the development of cell-based therapeutic approaches to treat inherited coagulation disorders. In this review we will explore the use of liver organoids as a state-of-the-art methodology for modeling coagulation factors disorders and the possibilities of using organoid technology to treat the disease.

Keywords: CRISPR; bleeding disorders; cell therapy; coagulation factor deficiencies; disease modeling; genome editing; induced pluripotent stem cells; liver organoids.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Coagulation cascade. Intrinsic pathway in light blue, extrinsic pathway in orange, common pathway in purple. Inhibitors and modulators of hemostasis in red. Zymogens in grey. Abbreviations: Tissue Factor Protein Inhibitor (TFPI); Phospholipids (PL); Two-chains, tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tc-tPA); Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA); Protein C (PC); activated Protein C (APC); Thrombomodulin (TM); Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2); Nitric Oxide (NO). Created with BioRender.com.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Structural organization of the liver at different scales and schematic representation of a liver sinusoid. Created with BioRender.com.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Future perspectives: the therapeutic potential for the development of cell-based therapies for inherited bleeding disorder. Created with BioRender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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