Pro-Inflammatory diet accounts for higher prevalence of retinopathy in diabetes participants rather than normal glucose and prediabetes: Results from NHANES, 2005-2008

Abstract

Retinopathy is a chronic inflammatory disease whose prognosis could be improved with dietary interventions. However, the association between a pro-inflammatory diet and the prevalence of retinopathy has not been fully elucidated. We assess the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII), which is a comprehensive index determining inflammatory potential derived from food parameters according to literature, and the prevalence of retinopathy based on the data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 involving 2,403 participants. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was not related to the occurrence of retinopathy in the general, non-diabetic, or middle-aged participants. In the diabetic and aged participants, one unit increment of E-DII accounted for 14 and 15% higher the prevalence of retinopathy respectively. The highest E-DII group had a 78 and 79% higher prevalence of retinopathy than the lowest group respectively. After adjusting for several covariables, the highest E-DII group was still associated with a 68% increase in retinopathy in diabetic patients. These results suggest that E-DII is positively associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients.

Keywords: diabetes; diabetic diets; dietary inflammatory index; inflammation; retinopathy.

Figure 1

Flowchart of sample selection from NHANES 2005–2008.

Figure 2

Non-linear relationship between DII and the prevalence of retinopathy in diabetes by the generalized additive model after adjusted for gender, age, race ethnicity, educational level, marital status, family PIR, smoking status, and BMI.