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Meta-Analysis
. 2023 Mar 1;177(3):248-257.
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5629.

Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Chathurika S Dhanasekara  1   2 , Dominic Ancona  1 , Leticia Cortes  1 , Amy Hu  1 , Afrina H Rimu  3 , Christina Robohm-Leavitt  1 , Drew Payne  3 , Sarah M Wakefield  4 , Ann M Mastergeorge  5 , Chanaka N Kahathuduwa  1   4   6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Chathurika S Dhanasekara et al. JAMA Pediatr. .

Abstract

Importance: Although the increased risk of obesity among individuals with autism has been well established, evidence on the association between autism, cardiometabolic disorders, and obesity remains inconclusive.

Objective: To examine the association between autism spectrum disorders and cardiometabolic diseases in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase, and Ovid databases were searched from inception through July 31, 2022, without restrictions on date of publication or language.

Study selection: Observational or baseline data of interventional studies reporting the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors (ie, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic macrovascular disease) among children and/or adults with autism and matched with participants without autism were included.

Data extraction and synthesis: Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by at least 2 researchers. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the meta package in R.

Main outcomes and measures: Relative risks (RRs) of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic macrovascular disease among individuals with autism were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included the RR of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Results: A total of 34 studies were evaluated and included 276 173 participants with autism and 7 733 306 participants without autism (mean [range] age, 31.2 [3.8-72.8] years; pooled proportion [range] of female individuals, 47% [0-66%]). Autism was associated with greater risks of developing diabetes overall (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.23-2.01; 20 studies), type 1 diabetes (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06-2.54; 6 studies), and type 2 diabetes (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.30-4.70; 3 studies). Autism was also associated with increased risks of dyslipidemia (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.20-2.40; 7 studies) and heart disease (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.42-1.50; 3 studies). Yet, there was no significantly associated increased risk of hypertension and stroke with autism (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.98-1.52; 12 studies; and RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.63-2.24; 4 studies, respectively). Meta-regression analyses revealed that children with autism were at a greater associated risk of developing diabetes and hypertension compared with adults. High between-study heterogeneity was a concern for several meta-analyses.

Conclusions and relevance: Results suggest that the associated increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases should prompt clinicians to vigilantly monitor individuals with autism for potential contributors, signs of cardiometabolic disease, and their complications.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Flowchart
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Forest Plot Depicting the Meta-analysis Examining the Association Between Autism and Diabetes (DM)
NS indicates not specified type of DM; T1DM, type 1 DM; T2DM, type 2 DM.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Forest Plot Depicting the Meta-analysis Examining the Association Between Autism and Hypertension
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Forest Plots Depicting the Meta-analyses Examining the Association Between Autism and Lipid Metabolism
A, The association between autism and dyslipidemia. B, The mean difference of serum triglyceride levels between individuals with autism and those without autism.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.. Forest Plot Depicting the Meta-analyses Examining the Association Between Autism and Macrovascular Disease
PVD indicates peripheral vascular disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

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