Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by LSD virus (LSDV). This virus has been classified in the genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae which generally affects large ruminants, especially cattle and domestic water buffalo. The first outbreak of LSD was found in 1929 in Zambia, then spreading throughout Africa and with an ongoing expanding distribution to Asia and Europe. In 2020, LSD was found from Southeast Asia in Vietnam and Myanmar before reaching Thailand and Laos in 2021. Therefore, LSD is a newly emerging disease that occurs in Southeast Asia and needs more research about pathology, transmission, diagnosis, distribution, prevention, and control. The results from this review show the nature of LSD, distribution, and epidemic maps which are helpful for further information on the control and prevention of LSD.

Keywords: Capripoxvirus; Southeast Asia; distribution; lumpy skin disease; newly emerging disease.

Figure-1

Schematic diagram of the poxvirus structure. (a) cross-section; (b) longitudinal section. (Figure prepared by Kanokwan Ratyotha).

Figure-2

The clinical sign of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Thailand. (a) The lymph nodes develop noticeably enlarged 3–5 times of its normal; (b) the nodule lesions’ transformation into ulceration and necrosis.

Figure-3

Prevalence of lumpy skin disease positively detected by polymerase chain reaction assay during 2016–2022. [Source: base map from the public Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA) using ArcGIS software (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA)].