Superior Thermoelectric Performance of SiGe Nanowires Epitaxially Integrated into Thermal Micro-Harvesters

Abstract

Semiconductor nanowires have demonstrated fascinating properties with applications in a wide range of fields, including energy and information technologies. Particularly, increasing attention has focused on SiGe nanowires for applications in a thermoelectric generation. In this work, a bottom-up vapour-liquid-solid chemical vapour Deposition methodology is employed to integrate heavily boron-doped SiGe nanowires on thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectrical properties -, i.e., electrical and thermal conductivities and Seebeck coefficient - of grown nanowires are fully characterized at temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 K, allowing the complete determination of the Figure-of-merit, zT, with obtained values of 0.4 at 600 K for optimally doped nanowires. A correlation between doping level, thermoelectric performance, and elemental distribution is established employing advanced elemental mapping (synchrotron-based nano-X-ray fluorescence). Moreover, the operation of p-doped SiGe NWs integrated into silicon micromachined thermoelectrical generators is shown over standalone and series- and parallel-connected arrays. Maximum open circuit voltage of 13.8 mV and power output as high as 15.6 µW cm^-2 are reached in series and parallel configurations, respectively, operating upon thermal gradients generated with hot sources at 200 °C and air flows of 1.5 m s^-1 . These results pave the way for direct application of SiGe nanowire-based micro-thermoelectric generators in the field of the Internet of Things.

Keywords: X-ray fluorescence; integration; micro/nano-generators; nanowires; silicon-germanium; thermoelectric; tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.