Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report

Jennifer Cable¹, Jie Sun^{2

3}, In Su Cheon^{2

3}, Andrew E Vaughan⁴, Italo A Castro⁵, Sydney R Stein⁶, Carolina B López^{7

8}, Katelyn M Gostic⁹, Peter J M Openshaw¹⁰, Ali H Ellebedy¹¹, Andreas Wack¹², Edward Hutchinson¹³, Mallory M Thomas¹⁴, Ryan A Langlois¹⁵, Daniel Lingwood¹⁶, Steven F Baker¹⁷, Melanie Folkins¹⁸, Ellen F Foxman¹⁹, Andrew B Ward²⁰, Martin Schwemmle²¹, Alistair B Russell²², Christopher Chiu²³, Ketaki Ganti²⁴, Kanta Subbarao²⁵, Timothy P Sheahan²⁶, Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster²⁷, Taylor Eddens²⁸

Affiliations

¹ PhD Science Writer, New York, New York, USA.
² Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
³ Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴ University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵ Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶ Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁹ Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Department of Pathology and Immunology; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs; and Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹² Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
¹³ MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
¹⁴ Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
¹⁵ Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁶ The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁷ Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁹ Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁰ Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
²¹ Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²² Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²³ Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
²⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁷ Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²⁸ Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

PMID: 36722473
PMCID: PMC10580159
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14958

Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report

Jennifer Cable et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2023 Apr.

. 2023 Apr;1522(1):60-73.

doi: 10.1111/nyas.14958. Epub 2023 Feb 1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ PhD Science Writer, New York, New York, USA.
² Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
³ Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
⁴ University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵ Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶ Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁹ Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹¹ Department of Pathology and Immunology; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs; and Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹² Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
¹³ MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
¹⁴ Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
¹⁵ Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁶ The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁷ Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
¹⁹ Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁰ Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
²¹ Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²² Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²³ Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
²⁵ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
²⁷ Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²⁸ Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

PMID: 36722473
PMCID: PMC10580159
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14958

Abstract

Respiratory viruses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Viruses like influenza, RSV, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 can rapidly spread through a population, causing acute infection and, in vulnerable populations, severe or chronic disease. Developing effective treatment and prevention strategies often becomes a race against ever-evolving viruses that develop resistance, leaving therapy efficacy either short-lived or relevant for specific viral strains. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Respiratory Viruses: New Frontiers." Researchers presented new insights into viral biology and virus-host interactions to understand the mechanisms of disease and identify novel treatment and prevention approaches that are effective, durable, and broad.

Keywords: COVID-19; RSV; adaptive immunity; influenza virus; innate immunity; respiratory virus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests

J. Sun is a consultant for the Teneofour company.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
The delay that occurred in setting up the MOSAIC consortium in 2009 following the traditional path of applying for a grant and getting it funded. This occurred despite all parties recognising that speed was essential.

**Figure 2.**
Expanding the translatable regions of viral genomes. (A) Segmented negative strand RNA viruses (sNSVs) such as the influenza viruses transcribe their genes by ‘cap snatching’ from host mRNAs. (B) Cap snatching results in a hybrid mRNA containing host and viral sequences. If the host mRNA contains upstream start codons (uAUGs) this can provide additional opportunities to translate viral proteins through ‘start snatching.’ (C) Start snatching expands the accessory proteome of sNSVs by allowing the translation of proteins with N-terminal extensions (from in-frame uAUGs) or novel upstream frameshifted open reading frames (from out-of-frame uAUGs).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report

Affiliations

Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous