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. 2023 Jan 16:13:1071392.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1071392. eCollection 2022.

A bio-sustainable approach for reducing Eucalyptus tree-caused agricultural ecosystem hazards employing Trichoderma bio-sustained spores and mycorrhizal networks

Md Golam Kabir  1   2   3 , Yonglong Wang  4 , Md Abuhena  1   5 , Md Faisal Azim  1 , Jubair Al-Rashid  1   3   6 , Noorain Munim Rasul  1   5 , Dipa Mandal  7 , Pulak Maitra  5   8
Affiliations

A bio-sustainable approach for reducing Eucalyptus tree-caused agricultural ecosystem hazards employing Trichoderma bio-sustained spores and mycorrhizal networks

Md Golam Kabir et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

The presence of the exotic Eucalyptus tree in crop-growing soil and the accumulation of its undecomposed leaves is a significant ecological hazard. The waxy coating on the leaves and the phenolic compounds takes a long time to break down under normal conditions. It is necessary to explore various fungi that can degrade these leaves for an eco-friendly solution to this problem. In this study, spores of nine native Trichoderma strains were produced on wheat agar using a lactic acid-induced sporulation strategy (LAISS). Trichoderma biosustained spores and Serendipita indica (SI) spores were applied to a rice field with accumulated Eucalyptus leaves under continuous ponding (CP) and alternate flooding and wetting conditions (AFW). Among the strains, TI04 (Trichoderma viride) and TI15 (Trichoderma citrinoviride) showed faster (5 days) and massive sporulation (1.06-1.38 × 1011 CFU/g) in LAISS. In vitro, TI04 and TI15 biosustained on Eucalyptus leaves and improved rice seedling growth and SI infection under greenhouse conditions. In the rice-field experiment, Trichoderma-treatment had a threefold yield (percentage) increase from control, with TI04 (CP) increasing the yield by 30.79, TI04 (AFW) by 29.45, TI15 (CP) by 32.72, and TI15 (AFW) rising by 31.91. Remarkably, unfilled grain yield significantly decreased in all the Trichoderma treatments. Under AFW conditions, TI04 and TI15 showed a higher pH increase. Furthermore, TI04 and TI15 under AFW had higher water productivity (t ha-1 cm-1) of 0.0763 and 0.0791, respectively, and the highest rates (percentage) of SI colonization of 86.36 and 83.16, respectively. According to the findings, LAISS-produced Trichoderma spores can be applied to break down persistent wastes and restore agricultural ecosystems through increased mycorrhizae networking.

Keywords: Eucalyptus; Serendipita indica; Trichoderma spp.; ecosystem hazards; rice.

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Conflict of interest statement

MGK, MA, MFA, JA-R, and NMR were employed by Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited. MA, NMR, and PM were employed by Apex Holdings Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from Apex Biofertilizers & Biopesticides Limited and Apex Holdings Ltd. The funder had the following involvement in the study: The funder provided overall guidance for the design of the study, conduct of the experiment, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, as well as the decision to submit this work for publication.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Phylogenetic analysis of nine Trichoderma isolates. Tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. The numbers given over branches indicate bootstrap coefficient.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sporulation of Trichoderma isolates on WA medium employing LAISS. (A) Media pouring, solidification, and spore suspension inoculation. (B) Visual growth of white mycelia (C) Spore growth appears as a green layer. (D) Collected spore.
Figure 3
Figure 3
PCA plot of the growth pattern of nine Trichoderma isolates under LAISS. (A) A biplot of spore yield and density. (B) Bootstrap ellipses based on spore density and yield.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Growth of Trichoderma isolate (TI04) on Eucalyptus leaves (A) Before inoculation with spore suspension (B) Growth after 6 days of inoculation (C) Growth after 15 days of inoculation (D) Scattered spore mat on degraded Eucalyptus leaves.
Figure 5
Figure 5
PCA plot of the growth pattern of nine Trichoderma isolates on Eucalyptus leaves. (A) A biplot of spore density and leaves weight loss. (B) Bootstrap ellipses-based spore density and leaves weight loss.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effects of various degraded leaf-mixed Trichoderma spores on Serendipita indica colonization in rice seedling roots. Data are means ± SD (n = 5). Bars without shared letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s HSD test.
Figure 7
Figure 7
One-way ANOVA illustrates the influence of Trichoderma spores with SI under different cultivation conditions. (A) Filled grain yield per m2. (B) Unfilled grain yield per m2. (C) Water productivity under CP (T1, T3, and T5) and AFW (T2, T4 and T6). (D) pH changes before and after inoculation (Trichoderma + SI) was compared by pairwise comparison (ns p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). Data are means ± SD (n = 5). Bars without shared letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s HSD test.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The effects of biosustained spores of Trichoderma isolates on the colonization of Serendipita indica in rice roots under accumulated field conditions of Eucalyptus leaves. (A) T1-TI04 (78.12%); (B) T2-TI04 (86.36%); (C) T3-TI15 (77.22%); (D) T4-TI15 (83.16%); (E) T5-Control (0%); (F) T6-Control (0%).
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