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Review
. 2023 Jan 17:9:1048673.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1048673. eCollection 2022.

Risk scores in cardiac resynchronization therapy-A review of the literature

András Mihály Boros  1 , Péter Perge  1 , Béla Merkely  1 , Gábor Széplaki  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

Risk scores in cardiac resynchronization therapy-A review of the literature

András Mihály Boros et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for selected heart failure (HF) patients improves symptoms and reduces morbidity and mortality; however, the prognosis of HF is still poor. There is an emerging need for tools that might help in optimal patient selection and provide prognostic information for patients and their families. Several risk scores have been created in recent years; although, no literature review is available that would list the possible scores for the clinicians. We identified forty-eight risk scores in CRT and provided the calculation methods and formulas in a ready-to-use format. The reviewed score systems can predict the prognosis of CRT patients; some of them have even provided an online calculation tool. Significant heterogeneity is present between the various risk scores in terms of the variables incorporated and some variables are not yet used in daily clinical practice. The lack of cross-validation of the risk scores limits their routine use and objective selection. As the number of prognostic markers of CRT is overwhelming, further studies might be required to analyze and cross-validate the data.

Keywords: CRT; cardiac resynchronization therapy; mortality; prediction model; response; risk scores.

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Conflict of interest statement

GS reports personal fees from Abbott, Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Johnson and Johnson Medical outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flowchart of the review process.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Heat map of the predictors used in the risk scores of cardiac resynchronization therapy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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