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. 2023 Jan 16;13(4):2418-2426.
doi: 10.1039/d2ra07954b. eCollection 2023 Jan 11.

Ni loaded SnS2 hexagonal nanosheets for photocatalytic hydrogen generation via water splitting

Niteen Jawale  1 , Sudhir Arbuj  1 , Govind Umarji  1 , Manish Shinde  1 , Bharat Kale  1 , Sunit Rane  1
Affiliations

Ni loaded SnS2 hexagonal nanosheets for photocatalytic hydrogen generation via water splitting

Niteen Jawale et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Herein we have prepared the Ni-decorated SnS2 nanosheets with varying concentrations of Ni from 1 to 10 mol% (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mol%) and studied their various physicochemical and photocatalytic properties. The chemical reduction technique was utilized to load the Ni nanoparticles on SnS2 nanosheets. The synthesized Ni decorated SnS2 (denoted as Ni-SnS2) was characterized using different spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM). XRD revealed the formation of the highly crystalline hexagonal phase of SnS2 but for nickel loading there is no additional peak observed. Further, the as-prepared Ni-SnS2 nano-photocatalyst shows absorption behaviour in the visible region, and photoluminescence spectra of the Ni-SnS2 nanostructures show band edge emission centred at 524 nm, and the peak intensity decreases with Ni loading. The FE-SEM and FE-TEM confirm the formation of hexagonal sheets having evenly distributed Ni nanoparticles of size ∼5-10 nm. BET surface area analysis was observed to be enhanced with Ni loading. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared Ni-SnS2 nanosheets was evaluated for hydrogen generation via water splitting under a 400 W mercury vapour lamp. Among the prepared Ni-SnS2 nanostructures, the Ni loaded with 2.5 mol% provided the highest hydrogen production i.e., 1429.2 μmol 0.1 g-1 (% AQE 2.32) in four hours, almost 1.6 times that of pristine SnS2 i.e., 846 μmol 0.1 g-1. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance of the catalyst is also correlated with the photoconductivity by measuring the photocurrent. The photoconductivity of the samples is revealed to be stable and the conductivity of 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2 is higher i.e. 20 times that of other Ni-SnS2 and pristine SnS2 catalysts.

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Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of pure SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. UV-DRS Spectra of pure SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Tauc's spectra of pure SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Photoluminescence spectra of pure SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. (a) Survey XPS spectrum of Ni-SnS2, (b) high-resolution XPS spectra of Sn 3d, (c) S 2p, (d) Ni 2p.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. FESEM images of SnS2 and Ni-SnS2 nanosheets, (A and A′) pure SnS2 nanosheets, (B and B′) 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, (C and C′) 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, (D and D′) 5 mol% Ni-SnS2, (E and E′) 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. FETEM images of 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2; (a, b and e) low magnification images, (c) HR-TEM image, (d) SAED pattern, (e–i) elemental mapping images of Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. BET N2 gas adsorbed–desorbed isotherm curve of sample SnS2 and Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. BJH pore size distribution curves of pristine SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2, 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Photocatalytic H2 generation using pure SnS2, 1 mol% Ni-SnS2; 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. Schematic of band energy levels of Ni-SnS2 nanostructures for photocatalytic H2 generation/relative to the redox potential of water.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. Current–voltage characteristics of pristine SnS2 and Ni-SnS2 nanosheets (1 mol% Ni-SnS2; 2.5 mol% Ni-SnS2, 5 mol% Ni-SnS2 and 10 mol% Ni-SnS2).
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